| SESSION | JULY/SEPTEMBER 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2105 COMPUTER ORGANISATION AND ARCHITECTURE |
Set-I
Q1. Explain the block diagram of a computer system. Describe the role of each unit in detail 5+5
Ans 1.
Block Diagram of a Computer System and the Role of Each Unit
A computer system is an electronic device that processes data to produce meaningful information. It performs this task through coordinated functioning of several interrelated units. The basic structure of a computer can be represented through a block diagram, which consists of five main components — Input Unit, Output Unit, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory Unit, and Storage Unit. These units work together to perform input, processing, storage, and output operations systematically.
- Input Unit
The input unit is responsible for accepting raw data and instructions from the user and converting them into a
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Q2. Types of Micro-Operations and Hardware Implementation of Arithmetic Micro-Operations (5+5 Marks)
Ans 2.
Micro-operations are the fundamental operations performed on data stored in registers within the CPU. Each micro-operation involves a simple task such as transferring data, performing arithmetic, or applying logical operations. These operations form the basis of instruction execution. There are four major types of micro-operations: Register Transfer, Arithmetic, Logic, and Shift micro-operations.
- Register Transfer
Q3. Logic Micro-Operations and Hardware Implementation of AND, OR, NOT, and XOR (5+5 Marks)
Ans 3.
Logic micro-operations are operations that manipulate individual bits of binary data stored in registers based on Boolean algebra. They are used for comparison, bit masking, and decision-making tasks in the CPU. Unlike arithmetic operations that deal with numerical calculations, logic micro-operations deal with binary logic (1s and 0s). The most common logic operations are AND, OR, NOT, and XOR, which form the foundation for digital circuit design.
- AND Operation
Set-II
- Explain the different phases of an instruction cycle — fetch, decode, execute, and interrupt. Illustrate with neat diagrams and examples of memory reference and I/O instructions. 5+5
Ans 4.
Phases of an Instruction Cycle — Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Interrupt
An instruction cycle is the fundamental operational process of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is a repetitive sequence of events that occur during the execution of each instruction in a program. The CPU works continuously by fetching an instruction from memory, decoding it, executing it, and checking for interrupts before proceeding to the next instruction. The four key phases of this cycle — Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Interrupt — ensure systematic and efficient operation of a computer
Q5. Differentiate between hardwired and microprogrammed control units. Discuss their advantages, disadvantages, and typical applications. 5+5
Ans 5.
Concept and Design Differences
The Control Unit (CU) is the part of the CPU responsible for directing and coordinating all activities of the processor. It generates control signals to manage data transfer, instruction execution, and synchronization among components. There are two main types of control units — Hardwired Control Units and Microprogrammed Control Units.
A Hardwired Control Unit uses fixed electronic circuits made up of logic gates, decoders, and timing elements to generate specific control signals. When an instruction is decoded, the corresponding control signals are generated instantly through hardware paths. This design is very fast since no intermediate
Q6. Explain the structure and functioning of an I/O interface. Describe how it connects peripheral devices to the CPU and system bus. 5+5
Ans 6.
Structure and Components of I/O Interface
An Input/Output (I/O) interface acts as a bridge between the CPU and peripheral devices, allowing smooth communication between them. Since peripherals like printers, keyboards, and disks operate at different speeds and formats than the CPU, the I/O interface manages this disparity. It ensures synchronization, buffering, and conversion of data formats to maintain efficiency.
There are three essential
| SESSION | JULY/SEPTEMBER 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | 3 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2106 JAVA PROGRAMMING |
SET-I
Q1. Explain the differences in memory management between Java and C++, including the role of garbage collection. 10
Ans 1.
Memory management is a critical aspect of every programming language because it determines how efficiently a program allocates and releases system memory. Java and C++ both manage memory, but they differ greatly in approach. C++ gives full control to the programmer, while Java automates the process through its built-in garbage collector.
Memory Allocation in C++
In C++, memory is
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Q2. Compare and contrast interfaces and abstract classes in Java. When would you use one over the other? 10
Interfaces vs Abstract Classes in Java, and When to Use Each
Interfaces and Abstract Classes
In object-oriented programming, interfaces and abstract classes allow developers to define abstract behavior and achieve abstraction. However, they serve different purposes in design. An interface defines a contract of methods that a class must implement, whereas an abstract class provides a partially implemented blueprint that can be extended by subclasses.
An interface in Java is declared using the interface keyword. It can contain abstract methods, default methods, static
Q3. Demonstrate how replace() and replaceAll() differ for String manipulation with example 10
Ans 3.
String manipulation is a fundamental part of Java programming. The replace() and replaceAll() methods are commonly used to modify string content, but they differ in functionality and behavior. While both create a new string by replacing characters or substrings, replace() works with literal characters and substrings, whereas replaceAll() interprets the first argument as a regular expression.
The replace() Method
The replace() method in Java is used to replace all occurrences of a character or substring with another character or substring. It does not use regular expressions and therefore treats its arguments literally. For
SET-II
Q4. Explain the concept of event-driven programming. How does it differ from procedural programming? 5+5
Ans 4.
Event-Driven Programming
Event-driven programming is a programming paradigm where the flow of the program depends on events such as user actions, sensor outputs, or messages from other programs. Instead of executing statements sequentially, the application waits for events and responds to them using specific handlers. This model is widely used in GUI-based applications, games, and interactive systems. In Java, event-driven programming is implemented through the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) and Swing frameworks that use the Event Delegation Model.
In this model, there are three core elements: the event source, event object, and event listener. The source is the component
Q5. Explain the purpose and functionality of the JList component in Java Swing. How does it differ from other list-type components? 5+5
Ans 5.
Purpose and Functionality of JList
The JList component in Java Swing is a graphical user interface element used to display a list of items that users can select from. It belongs to the javax.swing package and is part of the Swing framework, which provides lightweight, platform-independent GUI components. JList enables both single and multiple selections and can hold textual, numeric, or graphical data.
A JList can be constructed using an array, a Vector, or a ListModel. For example:
String[] fruits = {“Apple”, “Mango
Q6. Differentiate between ArrayList and LinkedList. Provide suitable examples where each is preferred. 10
Ans 6.
Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList with Suitable Examples
ArrayList and LinkedList Concepts
Both ArrayList and LinkedList are classes that implement the List interface in Java’s java.util package, providing ordered collections capable of storing duplicate elements. However, they differ fundamentally in internal structure, performance, and use cases. ArrayList is based on a dynamically resizing array, while LinkedList is based on a doubly linked list.
In an ArrayList, elements are
| SESSION | OCT/DEC – 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | 3 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA 2107 DATA COMMUNICATION & PROTOCOLS |
Set-I
Q1. Explain the differences between Analog and Digital Data Transmission, and discuss how Transmission Impairments (attenuation, distortion, noise) affect signal quality and Channel Capacity. 10
Ans 1.
Data transmission is the process of sending and receiving information between two or more devices through communication media. It can occur in two primary forms — analog and digital transmission. The choice between the two depends on the nature of the signal, the type of communication channel, and the required level of accuracy and reliability. Both analog and digital systems have their advantages, limitations, and use cases in modern communication.
Analog Data Transmission
In analog
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Q2. Analyze the working principles of Guided and Unguided (Wireless) Transmission Media, with special reference to Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) transmission applications in modern communication 10
Ans 2.
Working Principles of Guided and Unguided Transmission Media
Transmission media are the physical or wireless pathways that connect communication devices and enable the exchange of data. They can be classified into Guided (wired) and Unguided (wireless) media. Guided media use physical conductors such as copper or fiber optics, while unguided media use free-space propagation of electromagnetic waves. The selection of a transmission medium depends on factors such as cost, bandwidth, distance, and environmental conditions.
Guided Transmission
Q3. Evaluate various Digital-to-Digital Conversion Techniques such as Line Coding, Block Coding, and Scrambling, and justify their role in maintaining synchronization and signal integrity. 10
Ans 3.
In digital communication, binary data generated by computers must be converted into digital signals suitable for transmission. This process, known as Digital-to-Digital Conversion, involves techniques such as Line Coding, Block Coding, and Scrambling. These ensure synchronization, reduce errors, and preserve signal integrity throughout the transmission channel.
Line Coding
Line coding is the process of representing digital data using specific voltage levels or signal transitions. It defines how bits (0s and 1s) are mapped to signal pulses. Common line coding methods include Unipolar, Polar, Bipolar, and Manchester Encoding.
In Unipolar Encoding
Set-II
Q4. Discuss and compare different Digital-to-Analog Conversion Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK) and their use in Asynchronous and Synchronous Data Transmission. Include examples from real-world communication systems. 10
Ans 4.
Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC) refers to the process of converting digital binary data into analog carrier signals for transmission across analog communication channels. Since many physical media such as telephone lines and radio links are designed for analog wave propagation, conversion is necessary to enable computers and digital devices to communicate efficiently. The three primary DAC techniques are Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase-Shift Keying (PSK). Each technique modifies a different parameter of the carrier wave—amplitude
Q5. Examine the role of Error Detection and Correction mechanisms, Line Configurations, and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) in ensuring reliable data communication between nodes 10
Ans 5.
Reliable data communication requires mechanisms that detect and correct transmission errors, define physical connections between nodes, and control data flow to prevent congestion or duplication. Error control methods, line configurations, and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocols work collectively to ensure that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently across a network.
Error Detection and Correction Mechanisms
Errors occur due to noise, interference, or synchronization loss. Error detection identifies whether data has
Q6. Critically evaluate modern Multiplexing Techniques (FDM, TDM, CDMA, OFDMA) and Wireless Standards (1G to 6G), highlighting how TCP/IP layers, Encryption/Decryption, Firewalls, and VPNs collectively support secure end-to-end communication. 10
Ans 6.
Modern Multiplexing Techniques
Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a single communication channel efficiently. The major types are Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA).
- FDM divides the available bandwidth into separate frequency bands for simultaneous transmission, used in radio broadcasting and cable TV.
- TDM
| SESSION | SEP 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELORS OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2108 OPERATING SYSTEMS |
Set-I
Q1. What is a PCB? What all information is stored in a PCB. 5+5
Ans 1.
PCB
A Process Control Block (PCB) is a crucial data structure maintained by the Operating System (OS) to manage and monitor processes effectively. It acts as the identity card of a process, containing all necessary information about its current state and attributes. When a process is created, the operating system generates a PCB for it, and when the process terminates, its PCB is destroyed. The PCB allows the OS to keep track of the execution status of each process, ensuring proper scheduling, execution, and resource management.
Each process in the system has its own unique PCB, which is stored in the operating system’s memory, usually in the kernel
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Q2. What is Inter-Process Communication (IPC) and why is it important? 5+5
Ans 2.
Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
Inter-Process Communication (IPC) is a mechanism that allows processes to communicate and coordinate with each other while executing independently in a multitasking operating system. Since each process operates in its own address space and cannot directly access another process’s data, IPC provides the tools and methods for data exchange and synchronization between them. It is particularly crucial in systems where multiple processes need to work collaboratively, such as client-server applications, distributed systems, and multi-core processors.
IPC enables processes to share information, signals, and synchronization objects without interference. It provides controlled communication channels that ensure data consistency and prevent race condition
Q3. Explain the differences between SJF, and Round Robin scheduling in detail, taking suitable examples. 5+5
Ans 3.
Scheduling Algorithms
CPU scheduling is the process of selecting one process from the ready queue for execution. It determines the order in which processes access the CPU, directly affecting system efficiency and responsiveness. Two widely used algorithms are Shortest Job First (SJF) and Round Robin (RR) scheduling, each with its own advantages and trade-offs.
Shortest Job First (SJF) scheduling selects the process with the smallest CPU burst time first. The idea is to minimize average waiting time by executing shorter tasks before longer ones. SJF can be preemptive or non-preemptive. In non-preemptive SJF, once a process starts, it runs to completion. In preemptive SJF, also called Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF), the CPU is preempted if a new
Set-II
Q4. Discuss Bankers Algorithm in detail. 10
Ans 4.
The Banker’s Algorithm is a classical deadlock-avoidance algorithm proposed by Edsger Dijkstra. It ensures that a system never enters an unsafe state by carefully examining resource-allocation requests before granting them. The name derives from the analogy of a banker who never allocates more loans than what can be safely repaid by customers. In an operating system, processes are treated like customers, and system resources—such as CPU cycles, memory blocks, or I/O devices—are treated like loans. The algorithm checks whether fulfilling a resource request would still leave enough resources for all other processes to finish eventually. If yes, the request is approved; if not, the process
Q5. What are the deadlock avoidance and recovery measures taken by the OS? Discuss in detail. 5+5
Ans 5.
Deadlock Avoidance
Deadlock avoidance ensures that the operating system never enters a state where deadlock could occur. Unlike prevention, which restricts resource usage, avoidance dynamically analyzes every allocation request using information about future needs. The OS allocates a resource only if it will keep the system in a safe state. Algorithms like Banker’s Algorithm and Safe State Detection belong to this category.
Avoidance relies on the four Coffman conditions—mutual exclusion, hold-and-wait, no pre-emption, and circular wait—and ensures that not all of them hold simultaneously. For example, by pre-empting resources or by requiring processes to declare maximum resource requirements in advance, the OS can predict potential circular waits. Resource-allocation graphs with claim edges help determine
Q6. What are the primary sources of I/O overhead in demand paging, and how do they impact overall system performance? Suggest methods to mitigate these overhead. 10
Ans 6.
I/O Overhead in Demand Paging and Its Impact on System Performance
Sources of I/O Overhead
Demand paging is a virtual-memory technique where pages are loaded into physical memory only when required by a process. Although it saves memory space, it introduces input/output (I/O) overheads that affect overall performance. The main sources of overhead include page faults, swap-space access, and secondary-storage latency.
When a page fault occurs, the OS must locate the missing page on the disk, read it into an available frame, and update the page table. This disk access involves mechanical seek and rotational delays, which are much
| SESSION | JULY/SEPTEMBER 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2109 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR PROBLEM SOLVING |
Assignment SET – I
Q1a. Explain the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and discuss its major real-world applications with suitable examples. 5
- Explain in detail the working of a Problem-Solving Agent in AI. Discuss each step in the process with a real-life example. 5
Ans 1.
- Concept of Artificial Intelligence and Its Real-World Applications
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the branch of computer science that aims to create systems capable of performing tasks that normally require human intelligence. It enables machines to learn from experience, reason, and make decisions like humans. AI combines disciplines such as machine learning, data science, and natural language processing to enable intelligent behavior in systems. The primary goal of AI is to develop agents that can perceive their environment, understand problems, and act rationally to achieve goals.
In real-world applications, AI has become an essential part of various industries. In healthcare, AI-based tools like diagnostic imaging and predictive analytics help detect diseases such as cancer or diabetes at early
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Q2a. Describe the various search strategies used in Artificial Intelligence. Compare uninformed and informed search techniques with examples. 5
- What are the advantages of using heuristic search techniques in Artificial Intelligence? Also explain any two commonly used heuristic search methods with suitable examples.5
Ans 2.
- Search Strategies in Artificial Intelligence and Comparison of Uninformed and Informed Search
Search strategies in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are systematic techniques used by agents to explore possible solutions and find the optimal path to reach a goal state. These strategies help an agent decide which states to examine and in what order. The process begins with an initial state and explores successor states until the desired goal is achieved. There are mainly two types of search strategies — uninformed (blind) search and informed (heuristic) search.
Uninformed search strategies do not use any domain-specific knowledge beyond the problem definition. They explore all possible paths systematically. Common uninformed techniques include Breadth-First
Q3a. Explain the working of the AO* algorithm in Artificial Intelligence. How does it handle AND and OR nodes differently during the search process? 5
- Discuss about Expert Systems. Also explain their architecture, working mechanism, advantages, and real-world applications. 5
Ans 3.
- Working of AO* Algorithm and Handling of AND/OR Nodes
The AO* (And-Or Star) algorithm is a heuristic search algorithm designed to solve problems represented as AND-OR graphs, where the solution may involve multiple interdependent subproblems. Unlike simple search algorithms such as A*, which operate on linear paths, AO* can deal with situations where certain goals must be achieved simultaneously (AND nodes) or where alternative options exist (OR nodes).
The AO* algorithm
Assignment SET – II
Q4a. Describe the role of Artificial Intelligence in game playing. Also explain the use of the Minimax algorithm in making strategic decisions. 5
- What is Knowledge Representation in Artificial Intelligence? Explain its importance and describe any four core methods commonly used for representing knowledge in AI systems. 5
Ans 4.
- Role of Artificial Intelligence in Game Playing and the Minimax Algorithm
Artificial Intelligence plays a significant role in game playing by enabling machines to compete intelligently against humans or other computer systems. Game playing in AI involves designing algorithms that analyze possible moves, anticipate an opponent’s response, and choose the best strategy to win. It provides a platform to test various AI concepts such as search algorithms, reasoning, learning, and decision-making. Games like chess, checkers, tic-tac-toe, and Go have been important benchmarks for AI research.
AI-based game-playing programs simulate human cognitive abilities such as prediction, pattern recognition, and strategy formulation. They use heuristic search, evaluation functions, and probability-based decision-
Q5a. Define reasoning in the context of artificial intelligence. Also explain the main steps involved in forward chaining in brief. 5
- What are AI Planning Systems? Explain the concept of planning in AI and discuss any two approaches used for effective decision-making and goal achievement. 5
Ans 5.
- Reasoning and Steps in Forward Chaining
In Artificial Intelligence, reasoning refers to the process of drawing logical conclusions from known facts or data. It enables AI systems to derive new knowledge, make decisions, and solve problems using inference mechanisms. Reasoning can be of different types, including deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning derives specific conclusions from general facts, while inductive reasoning generalizes from examples. In AI, reasoning helps expert systems and decision-making algorithms simulate human-like logic.
Forward chaining is a data-driven reasoning approach that starts with known facts and applies inference rules to extract
Q6a. What is probabilistic reasoning in AI? Explain the role of Bayes’ theorem with prior and posterior probabilities using a real-world example. 5
- Compare and explain supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning methods with examples of their practical applications. 5
Ans 6.
- Probabilistic Reasoning and Bayes’ Theorem with Example
Probabilistic reasoning in AI deals with reasoning under uncertainty by using probability theory to make decisions when complete information is unavailable. It enables AI systems to evaluate possible outcomes and make predictions based on incomplete or uncertain data. Unlike deterministic reasoning, probabilistic reasoning provides a measure of belief in an outcome, allowing systems to handle real-world complexity such as noisy data or ambiguous evidence.
Bayes’ Theorem plays a central role in probabilistic reasoning. It relates the conditional and marginal probabilities of random