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SESSION	JULY – AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM)
SEMESTER	I
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCM1108  FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING-1

 

 

Set – 1

 

Q.1. Elaborate on the accounting process; from identification of transactions to communication of accounting results to users. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Accounting is best understood not as a single task but as a connected process that converts raw business activity into information that people can actually use to make decisions. The process begins the moment a transaction occurs and ends only once that transaction’s effect has been reported to the people who need to know about it, and it moves through several distinct stages along the way.

The first stage is identification. Not every event that happens in a business is an accounting transaction; only events that have

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Q.2. Explain the accounting concepts of business entity, going concern, money measurement and the accounting convention of conservatism. (2.5×4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Accounting concepts are the basic assumptions that accountants rely on when recording and presenting financial information, and they exist so that financial statements prepared by different businesses, or by the same business over different years, remain comparable and meaningful. Four of these concepts are explained below.

The business entity concept treats

 

Q.3. Prepare a double- column Cash book, with cash and bank columns, from the following transactions for the Month of March 2026 of ABC enterprises- (10 Marks)

Date (March 2026)	Particulars	Amount in Rs
1st	Cash in hand	25,000
3rd	Purchased goods for cash	6,000
5th	Deposited cash in bank	15,000
8th	Cash Sales	10,000
10th	Paid to Chander by Cheque	4,500
15th	Sold goods to Ashok Mehta on credit	4,000
16th	Received cheque from Mohan and deposited into bank the same day	7,000
18th	Received cheque from Ashok Mehta and deposited into bank	2,000
30th	Purchased goods from Mr. Chander on credit	5,000
31st	Bank charges for the month	200

 

Ans 3.

A cash book is a book of original entry that records all transactions involving cash and bank together, combining the function of a cash account and a bank account into a single record instead of maintaining them separately in the ledger. Because every cash and bank transaction is recorded directly in the cash book as it happens, it also effectively acts as a ledger account for cash and bank, so these two accounts are not opened again separately in the ledger.

A double column cash book has two amount columns on each side, one for cash and one for bank, which lets both types

 

Set – 2

 

Q.4. Explain the terms capital expenditure and revenue expenditure with relevant examples. Also explain the meaning of the term contingent liability. (7+3 Marks)

Ans 4.

Expenditure incurred by a business falls into two broad categories, capital expenditure and revenue expenditure, and the distinction between them affects how an item is treated in the financial statements, specifically whether it appears in the balance sheet or in the profit and loss account.

Capital expenditure is money

 

Q.5. Differentiate between the SLM and WDV methods of providing depreciation. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of a fixed asset over its useful life, reflecting the fact that an asset’s value is used up gradually as it helps generate revenue year after year, rather than being consumed entirely in the year it is purchased. Two of the most commonly used methods for calculating depreciation are the Straight Line Method, often called SLM, and the Written

Q.6. Prepare the Trading and Profit and Loss Account of Santoshi Enterprises for the year ended 31st March 2026, in proper format, clearly mentioning the Gross profit and Net profit for the year ended 31st March 2026. Closing stock was valued at Rs 250,000. (10 Marks)

Particulars	Amount (Rs)	Particulars	Amount (Rs)
Opening stock	1,00,000	Sales	9,20,000
General Expenses	20,000	Purchases Returns	5,000
Purchases	4,00,000	Creditors	50,000
Carriage outward	20,000	Capital	3,60,000
Wages	1,00,000	Carriage Inwards	5,000
Salaries	60,000	Drawings	40,000
Office Rent	50,000	Debtors	3,00,000
Sales returns	10,000	Advertising	20,000
Machinery	70,000	Cash	40,000

 

Ans 6.

Theory

A trading account is prepared to determine the gross profit or gross loss earned by a business from its core buying and selling activity during an accounting period, by comparing the net sales revenue earned with the direct cost of the goods actually sold to generate that revenue. It includes the opening stock, net

 

Discrete Mathematics & Graph Theory

 

 

 

1. Find the inverse of the matrix A = [[1,2,3],[0,4,5],[1,0,6]] using the adjoint method. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Introduction

Another matrix that can be multiplied with a square matrix to produce the identity matrix is called its inverse matrix. Invertibility of a matrix is related to the determinant of the matrix as not all matrices have inverses. One of the standard methods for calculating the inverse of a matrix is the adjoint method, which is applicable to small square matrices, e.g., a three by three matrix. This approach is based on cofactors and the determinant of matrix.

Meaning of the Adjoint Method

The adjoint method is to use the relationship that the inverse of a matrix is equal to the adjoint of the matrix divided by the

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2. Find the solution of the following system using gauss elimination: 3x + 4y + z = 10, 2x – 3y + 5z = -9, x + 2y – z = 6. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Introduction

There are many different ways to solve a system of linear equations with multiple unknowns; one of the most reliable methods is the “Gauss Elimination”. This is a way of transforming the given system to an upper triangular form by using a series of row operations. After reducing the system to this simplified form, the values of the unknowns can be determined step by step by back substitution.

Idea used behind the Gauss Elimination

The concept behind Gauss elimination is that it eliminates one term from each of the equations below the pivot equation. This is accomplished by adding and/or subtracting appropriate multiples of one equation to another until a specific variable is eliminated. This is continued until the system has the form of an upper triangular matrix, with the last equation having only one

 

 

3. Let f:A -> B, g:B -> C, and h:C -> D. If f(x) = x + 4, g(y) = 3y and h(z) = z – 1, find the composition h o g o f(x), also check the bijective ness of mappings. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Introduction

Compositions of functions are functions that are applied in succession. The concept is very prevalent in mathematics, where the result of a function is used as the input to another function. In addition to identifying the composition, it is important to see if each mapping is bijective, that is, one to one and onto simultaneously.

Meaning

 

 

4. Check this (p -> q) v (not q -> not p) = True or not. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Introduction

In logic, a statement that is always true no matter what truth values its individual parts take is called a tautology. A truth table is created for all possible combinations of truth values of the statements in the logical expression to determine if it is a tautology. If the expression is true in every row of the truth table, it is true and confirmed as a tautology.

The conditional and contrapositive

 

 

 

5. The table shows the height distribution (in cm) of students in a school: 140-150: 5, 150-160: 10, 160-170: 12, 170-180: 8, 180-190: 5. Find the median height of the students. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Introduction

In grouped data (where the data is given in intervals and the number of items in each interval), the most common approach for locating the median value can no longer be applied. However, the median must be calculated using a special formula for continuous grouped frequency distributions. This formula is to find the class where the median actually belongs and is based on the cumulative frequency.

For a grouped

 

 

6. Explain the degree of a vertex in an undirected graph and binary trees. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Introduction

In discrete mathematics, an important class of structures are graphs and trees, which are used to model relationships among various objects. The degree of a vertex is one of the fundamental characteristics that are evaluated in a graph and it is a measure of the number of connections that a given vertex has with other vertices. There is another type of structure based on

 

Python Programming

 

 

1. a) Explain the importance of exception handling in developing reliable Python applications. Demonstrate how multiple exceptions can be handled within a program using an appropriate example. b) Discuss the different file modes used in Python for reading, writing, appending, and updating files, with suitable examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 1.

Introduction

Sometimes, a Python program runs into these kind of unexpected scenarios that include invalid operations, missing files or wrong input. Two basic programming skills that are used to create applications that act reliably when things go wrong are exception handling and file handling.

Exception Handling is used to handle the exceptions.

Exception handling is a way to prevent a program from crashing abruptly when it encounters an error at runtime and instead handle the error. This prevents the application from becoming unstable and provides a normal message to the user rather than an ugly error trace. It also facilitates segregating the normal

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2. a) Differentiate between implicit and explicit type conversion in Python. Explain how each affects data processing and program execution with suitable examples. b) Explain membership and identity operators in Python. Differentiate between them with suitable examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 2.

Python is flexible with data types, and also offers special operators to test for membership and identity of objects. Learning type conversion and these operators would help a programmer to write correct and predictable code.

Type Conversion – Implicit and Explicit

Implicit type conversion is the automatic conversion of one type into another type when an operation is performed between them, without the programmer’s code. This typically occurs when a small

 

 

3. a) Explain the role of lists as mutable data structures in Python. Compare the working of insert(), append(), and extend() methods with suitable examples, and identify situations where each method is most appropriate. b) Explain the role of view functions in a Flask web application. Differentiate between static and dynamic routes and illustrate their implementation with suitable examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 3.

Introduction

Lists are used for a lot of tasks in python because data can be modified in them once they’ve been created. As a lightweight web framework, Flask determines the behavior of a web application based on the request based on the function to be called and the route set.

Lists are Mutable Data Structures

The reason a list in Python is termed as mutable is that the elements of a list can be altered, added or deleted without creating a new object in memory, after the list is created. This is unlike immutable

 

4. a) How are arguments different from parameters? Explain keyword arguments and variable-length arguments in detail. b) Explain importance of regular expression in Text processing. Discuss different quantifiers with examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 4.

Python functions are parameterized and arguments determine the flow of data into a function. Regular expressions are also a powerful tool for searching and processing text according to regular patterns.

Arguments versus Parameters

A parameter is a variable that appears in the parentheses of the function definition, and can be given the value to be substituted later. When a function is called, an argument is the actual value passed to the function. To put it simply, Parameters are part of the function’s definition, and Arguments are part of the function’s call. Keyword arguments are used to pass arguments to a function by the parameter name; the order in which they are written is not important. Star and double star symbols can be used to pass a

 

5. a) Discuss the role of game loops and event handling in game development. b) Explain the steps for establishing a database connection in Python. Discuss the role of SAVEPOINT in handling partial transaction failures with a suitable example. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 5.

There are two vastly different fields, game development and database handling, and both fields require continuous well structured processes in python. Game loops provide a smooth running game and database connections provide safe data storage and manipulation for a program.

Handling game loops and events

The game loop is the most essential component of a game program that is constantly repeated while the game is

 

 

6. a) Describe the role of the Pandas library in data preprocessing. Discuss the data preprocessing steps in detail. b) Explain the concepts of Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment/Delivery (CI/CD) in the context of Python application development. Discuss how a CI/CD pipeline can support automated testing, code-quality checks, and application deployment. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 6.

In many cases, modern Python programming includes tasks such as getting raw data ready for analysis and deploying and testing applications automatically. The first task can be achieved using the Pandas library, and the second task can be achieved using CI/CD pipelines.

Concept and Application

Pandas is used for data preprocessing in various ways.

Pandas is a

 

Programming & Problem-Solving using C

 

 

1. (a) Explain the structure of a C program. (b) Explain input/output functions (printf, scanf). (5+5 Marks)

Ans 1.

Introduction

All the C program have a fixed structure which the C compiler expects and it communicates with the user principally through input and output functions. The first step to learning C programming correctly is to understand these two basics.

Structure of a C Program

A typical C program starts with preprocessor directives, typically consisting of header files required by the program to execute, e.g., stdio dot h for input-output. This is followed by the main function, the beginning point of execution of any C program and the point from which program execution actually

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2. What are the major components of a C program? (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

A C program is divided into different parts, each of which is essential to understanding and implementing the program correctly by the compiler. A learner who has a knowledge of each of these components reads and writes C programs with more clarity.

Concept and Application

Preprocessor Directives

Preprocessor directives are instructions that are processed before the actual compilation begins, and they usually start with the hash symbol. The most frequently used directive is include

 

3. Define operators in C and explain their types with suitable C Programs. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Introduction

Operators in C are special symbols that tell the compiler to perform a specific mathematical, logical or other kind of operation on the given values. They are the fundamental units that are used when writing expressions and conditions in a program.

Meaning of Operators

An operator is a symbol that indicates a particular operation on one or more values (operands) and returns a value, the result of that operation. C offers a variety of operators, which can be classified into various categories according to the type of operations they perform.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are symbols that are used to perform basic mathematical calculations, including the addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and remainder operations. The operators are regularly used in

 

 

 

4. (a) Explain call by value and call by address. (b) Explain the difference between library and user-defined functions. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 4.

Data can be supplied to functions in various ways and there are some that are already provided by the compiler or can be created by the programmer. Both these ideas are important while designing a well structured C program.

Call by Value and Call by Address.

For call by value, a copy of the actual argument is passed to the function so that if the value of the argument is changed within the function, it will not affect the value of the argument in the calling program. Call by address: Memory address of actual argument passed to the function using pointer, both the pointer passed to the function and the actual argument are pointing to the same memory

 

5. What is the difference between declaration and definition of function? (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Introduction

In C, there are two concepts that are related but distinct – declaration and definition, related to functions. Many beginners get the two terms mixed up, but they are used for different purposes in a program.

Meaning of Function Declaration

A function declaration, also known as a function prototype, serves to inform the compiler of the name of the function, the value type returned by the function, and the type of parameter that it accepts, but not the actual function body. It is typically declared in the “top” of the program, before the main function, so that the compiler will know what type the function is, and what to expect in terms of calling it, even if the entire function will only be used later in the program. A declaration is

 

 

6. (a) Explain advantages and disadvantages of recursion. (b) Explain function prototype and its importance. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 6.

Introduction

Two important concepts about functions in C are recursion and function prototypes, both of which impact the way in which a program is written and its performance when it runs.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Recursion

Recursion is a method that involves a function calling itself to get the answer by repeatedly solving smaller instances of the same problem. The beauty of the recursive approach is that recursive code is shorter and easier to read when a problem is naturally recursive, such as computing a factorial

 

Relational Database Management System

 

 

1. Explain the different types of Database Management Systems based on data model, number of users, number of sites, cost, and purpose. Also compare Centralised and Distributed Database Systems with suitable examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 1.

DBMS can be categorised in various ways, based on the type of data they store and the ways in which they are utilised. In addition to the above classification, it is equally important to compare centralised and distributed databases as they are the two options used by various organizations.

Based on Data Model and Number of Users:

Depending on the data model, the DBMS can be classified into hierarchical, network, relational and object oriented, with the relational model being the most popular since it represents data as simple

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2. Explain the concept of Query Optimisation. Discuss the role of heuristics and query transformation rules in improving query execution efficiency. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 2.

Introduction

In the world of databases, query optimisation plays a crucial role in database management, as the same query might be answered in various ways, with some being much more efficient than others. The database system attempts to determine the most efficient manner in which to execute a query prior to its execution.

Query

 

 

 

3. Explain normalization in DBMS and also explain each normal form (1NF to 5NF) with examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 3.

Introduction

In Database Design, Normalization is a process to structure the data to prevent the data being stored in multiple places or problems with inserting, updating or deleting data records. It is performed in a steps by steps method called the normal forms, where each normal form is more

 

4. Discuss data fragmentation, data replication, distributed transactions, and the Two-Phase Commit (2PC) protocol with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Introduction

Distributed database systems distribute data and processing across multiple locations, leading to several important concepts: fragmentation, replication, and coordinated transaction handling across locations.

Data Fragmentation

Data fragmentation is the practice of breaking up a database into smaller components or fragments and placing these

 

 

 

5. Explain Parallel Database Architecture and discuss I/O Parallelism, Inter-Query Parallelism, and Intra-Query Parallelism. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Introduction

Parallel database systems consist of several processors and storage devices that cooperate together in order to process large quantities of data and queries more rapidly than using a system with only one processor. The parallelism may occur in several different ways, depending on the component of the system to be parallelized.

Parallel Database Architecture

 

 

6. Explain the different lock modes. Discuss how hierarchical database elements are managed using locks. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Introduction

Locking is a popular method in databases for managing access to resources when concurrent users wish to read or write to the same data. There are various locking modes that exist to find a compromise between

 

Data Visualization

 

 

1. Define Data Visualization and explain its importance in decision-making. Discuss any four types of data used in visualization with suitable examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 1.

Introduction

Data visualization refers to the process of representing data using visual tools like charts or graphs, which allows for the easy visualization of patterns and trends. It contributes greatly to the data-driven decision making of organisations.

Meaning and Importance of Data Visualization

Data visualization is the use of visual content like charts, graphs and maps to help people comprehend information more quickly and effortlessly than by reading numbers in a table. It plays a crucial role in decision-making as it enables managers and analysts to easily identify trends, compare values and uncover any unexpected patterns that may not be apparent in extensive datasets. A well-designed visualization can convey a finding to audiences who may lack a deep technical understanding, and

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2. A company has the following monthly sales data for four products: Product A, Product B, Product C and Product D. Explain how you would use Excel to create an appropriate visualization for comparing their sales. Also discuss the situations in which a Bar Chart and Pie Chart would be suitable. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 2.

A very popular tool used to rapidly visualize business information is the spreadsheet program called Excel. Comparing the monthly sales of a few different products can be more readily apparent if a company selects the proper chart type in Excel.

To create a Visualization in Excel:

To compare the sales of the four

 

 

3. Explain the role of Python in Data Visualization. Differentiate between Matplotlib and Seaborn. Further, explain how a Scatter Plot, Histogram, and Heat Map can be used to extract meaningful insights from a dataset. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 3.

Introduction

Python is a popular language for data visualization due to its ability to use various visualization libraries to generate complex and customizable visualizations directly from code. Of these, Matplotlib and Seaborn are the most popular libraries, and each is appropriate for somewhat different purposes.

The role of Python in Data visualisation.

With the Python, a user can interact with the data set, prepare it as needed, and create a visualisation as part of the same process without having to change tools. The Python code can be reused, and so the same visualization can be reproduced automatically whenever the data that it is based on changes, particularly useful for periodic reports. Python also has a variety of chart

 

 

4. What is meant by effective data visualization? Explain the major principles that should be followed while designing a visualization. Discuss how a poorly designed chart can lead to incorrect interpretation of data. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 4.

Introduction

While it is correct to say that good data visualization is about making a chart, it is also correct to say that it’s about making a chart that communicates the right message without confusion. By adhering to some design principles, charts that mislead the viewer can be avoided.

Meaning of Effective Data Visualization

Good data visualization is a chart or graph that renders the data in a comprehensible,

 

 

5. A project manager wants to visualize project activities and their duration, while an analyst wants to understand the distribution of employee salaries. Which Excel charts would you recommend in each case? Explain the working and applications of Gantt Chart and Box-and-Whisker Plot with suitable examples. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 5.

Introduction

Depending on the business situation, there are various types of charts for meaningful representation of data. A project manager who wants to monitor a set of activities throughout time and an analyst who wants to analyze salary distribution would require two very different types of visualization in Excel.

Visualization for Project Activities

If the project manager desires to see the activities and time frame of the project, then a Gantt Chart is the best recommendation in excel. Each activity is represented by a horizontal bar in a Gantt chart, with the length of the bar indicating the duration of the activity and the position of the bar on the chart indicating

 

 

6. A retail organization has three years of daily sales data. Explain how you would use Python to clean, prepare, visualize, and analyse the data over time. Discuss the role of time-series plots, trend analysis, and interactive dashboards in presenting the findings to management. (5+5 Marks)

Ans 6.

Python offers a viable tool for cleaning, preparing, visualizing and analyzing large volumes of daily sales data accumulated over many years to make better management decisions, which retail organizations frequently collect.

Cleaning and Preparing the Sales Data

In Python, the initial stage would be to load the three years of daily sales data into a dataframe, possibly using the Pandas library. Duplicate entries would be removed, sales values would be dealt with, (such as nulls) and the date column would be converted to a date data type so that time based analysis

 

 

SESSION	JULY AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	I
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA116 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

 

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. What is Accounting? Discuss its objectives, scope, advantages, and limitations. Also explain the basic terminologies commonly used in accounting. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Purpose of accounting and what it means

Accounting is the recording of the transactions through identification, classification and summarisation and the interpretation and communication of the results. It transforms data from transactions to information that enables users to know the performance and financial standing of a business.

Its primary aims are to keep a systematic record, to determine the profit or loss and to present the assets, liabilities and equity

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Q.2. Journalize the transactions as per format:
•           January 1: Ramesh started the business with cash 1,50,000
•           January 3: Goods purchased for cash 25,000
•           January 5: Furniture purchased on credit from Rajesh 40,000
•           January 7: Rent paid in cash 12,000
•           January 9: Goods sold for cash 50,000
•           January 10: Goods sold on credit to Shyam 35,000
•           January 12: Salaries paid 15,000 (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

The journal entries are based on the following:

The amount of each transaction is debited and credited equally. The following entries are based on the periodic inventory approach where the inventory items purchased for resale are recorded in Purchases Account. Question does not specify tax information and no separate tax entry is

 

Q.3. What are Accounting Policies and Accounting Standards? Explain the concepts of GAAP and IFRS. Also discuss the circumstances and implications of changes in accounting policies. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Accounting policies and standards

An entity’s accounting policies are the specific principles, bases and practices that are applied in preparing and presenting financial statements. They determine such things as what basis to use to measure assets and what is an acceptable cost formula to use for inventory. Policies are required to be within the reporting framework.

Accounting Standards provide guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of

 

 

Assignment Set 2

Q.4. Explain the Double-Entry System of Accounting and discuss the rules of Debit and Credit. Illustrate the preparation of Journal Entries, including adjustment entries, with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Double entry system as used in accounting.

Double Entry System accounts for all transactions with equal debits and credits. A transaction impacts at least two accounts, but may involve more for compound entries. The system maintains the accounting equation and gives a uniform foundation to prepare ledger accounts and financial statements.

Assets = Liabilities

 

Q.5. Prepare a Trial Balance from the following balances as on 31 March 2026: (10 Marks)

Particulars	Amount (₹)
Cash	10,000
Capital	50,000
Purchases	30,000
Sales	45,000
Rent	5,000
Salaries	8,000
Debtors	20,000
Creditors	12,000
Furniture	15,000
Total	1,95,000

 

Ans 5.

Provisional Trial Balance as on 31 March 2026

A Trial Balance reports the balances of the ledgers on their normal debit or credit side. Normally, the balances of assets and expenses are DEBITS and the balances of capital, liabilities and income are CREDITS. Below are the categories that the figures provided will be classified into without any

 

Q.6. Explain the preparation and components of Final Accounts. Discuss the various methods of Depreciation, the concept of Window Dressing, and the importance of Non-Financial Reporting. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Final accounts and preparation of final accounts

Final accounts provide information about the performance during a period and the financial position at the end of the period. Preparation starts by reviewing the Trial Balance and making adjustments like closing stock, outstanding expenses, prepayments and depreciation. The statements are

 

SESSION	JULY AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	I
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA115 MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Explain the law of demand and discuss the major assumptions underlying it. Describe the key factors that influence price elasticity of demand and compare the elasticity of demand for different types of goods. How can businesses apply the concept of price elasticity while determining prices in competitive markets? (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Law of demand and the assumptions of the law of demand

The law of demand indicates that as a product’s own price decreases, the quantity demanded increases and vice versa, with other factors remaining constant. A price change thus results in a movement on a demand curve. Another determinant affects the position of the curve.

The law assumes that the income of the consumer, his tastes, his expectations and the prices of related goods are unchanged

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Q.2. Describe the law of supply and discuss the situations in which it may not hold. Explain how changes in demand and supply influence the equilibrium of a market. With the help of suitable diagrams, illustrate the effects of simultaneous changes in demand and supply on equilibrium price and quantity. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Law of supply

According to the law of supply, the quantity supplied of a commodity tends to increase with an increase in the price of the commodity and vice-versa, ceteris paribus. When the production of additional units causes the MC to rise, higher prices can make that output worthwhile.

It assumes that technology, prices of inputs, taxes, etc., remain constant. Any change in these factors would cause the supply curve to move and not just move along it. The impact of the current price needs to be

 

Q.3. Distinguish between short-run and long-run production functions and explain the law of variable proportions and returns to scale. Analyze the relationship between cost and output and explain the derivation and interrelationship of the major short-run cost curves. (6+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

The concepts of short run and long run production

A production function illustrates the maximum output possible with a given state of technology, set of inputs. At least one factor of production is fixed in the short run. A manufacturer could change the amount of labour and materials, but there would be no change in the capacity of the factory. Long run is a period of production where all factors are variable including plant.

It’s a difference in

 

Assignment Set 2

Q.4. Explain the process of price and output determination under perfect competition. How does it differ from price and output determination under monopoly? Discuss the implications of these two market structures for efficiency, consumer welfare, and resource allocation. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Perfect competition

Perfect competition is where there are many buyers and sellers selling a homogeneous product, free entry and exit and information in the market. Market price is established by the industry demand and supply curves. The individual firm takes the price as a given since the firm has a negligible output in comparison to the market.

Hence, average revenue and

 

Q.5. Discuss the objectives and major instruments of monetary policy and fiscal policy. Analyze how these policies can be used to control inflation, unemployment, and fluctuations in economic activity, highlighting their relative effectiveness under different economic conditions. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Objectives of economic policy

Monetary and fiscal policies affect demand, financial conditions and economic activity. They aim to achieve price stability, sustainable growth and high employment. They also have the potential to dampen the impact of business cycles, though their impact will vary based on the origin of the economic

 

Q.6. Discuss the major causes and different types of inflation and deflation. Explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment through the Phillips Curve and examine its significance for macroeconomic policy formulation in modern economies. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Causes of Inflation

Inflation is an ongoing increase in the overall price level that decreases the value of money. Demand pull inflation is inflation that is caused by an increase in aggregate spending that exceeds the production of goods and services in the economy. It can be due to strong credit expansion, strong

 

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA214 BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS (R/PYTHON)

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Explain the different types of research used in business research. Discuss the major steps involved in formulating and conducting a research study. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Business research is a systematic investigation for getting information for business decisions. It assists organisations in the comprehension of issues, assessment of options and analysis of outcomes. Type of research depends on the purpose, available information and knowledge, etc. An appropriate research process is a research that is both feasible and moral in conjunction with a clear question.

Exploratory and Descriptive

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Q.2. Explain the different methods of data collection used in business research. Differentiate between primary and secondary data and discuss their major advantages and limitations. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Business researchers gather data to know about the markets, employees, customers and the performance of the organisations. The specific method of collection will depend on the research question, necessary level of detail, resources, and access to the participants. Though both primary and secondary data are useful, they have different functions, different control, different costs and different limitations.

Surveys and

 

Q.3. What is Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)? Explain the role of R in data visualization. Discuss how summary statistics and graphical techniques can be used to identify patterns and trends in business data. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is the process of examining the data prior to the formal modelling or hypothesis testing. It understands structure, identifies issues and creates appropriate questions through numerical summaries and visual displays. EDA can be used in business research to avoid making false conclusions due to the lack of information.

Purpose and Initial

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Explain Simple Linear Regression and Multiple Linear Regression. Discuss the major assumptions and diagnostic measures that should be considered while conducting regression analysis using R. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Regression analysis is used to investigate the relationship between an outcome and one or more explanatory variables. It is used to predict and analyze business relationships. But for a useful interpretation, you need an appropriate model, appropriate data, and carry out checks for diagnosis. The functional relationship does not provide evidence of a cause and effect relationship.

Simple Linear Regression

 

 

Q.5. Explain the major components of a research report. Discuss the guidelines for interpreting and presenting statistical results, tables, graphs, and findings in a research report. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

A research report is an organised way of presenting the purpose, method, evidence, and conclusions of a research study. It enables a reader to form an opinion on the nature of the investigation and its conclusions on the recommendations. So it’s not just a writing task at the end of research, but reporting is a part of research quality.

Preliminary Sections

The title page provides information on the study, researcher, institution, and submission details. An

 

 

Q.6. Explain the Chi-square test and discuss its applications in testing the independence of variables and the goodness of fit. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

The Chi-square test is used to test whether the counts in the categories are different than the counts that would be expected under a specified hypothesis. It is a popular usage with categorical business data. Testing independence between variables and testing goodness of fit to a specified distribution are being tested in two applications. Both systematically compare observed and expected

 

SESSION	JUL-AUG 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA215 OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

 

Assignment Set – 1

 

Q.1. Explain the strategic role of Operations Management in achieving organizational objectives. Discuss the relationship between operations strategy and other functional areas such as marketing, finance, and human resources. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Strategic Role of Operations Management

Operations Management is the area of management that involves planning, organising and controlling the processes used to produce goods or services using materials, labour and capital. It is more than just about what it does on a day-to-day basis, and is directly tied in to how an organisation meets its business goals. The long-term decisions regarding plant location, capacity, the choice of technology and quality systems, all affect the organisation’s ability to compete in its market in terms of cost, speed and flexibility.

A good operations strategy enables a business to provide a product more quickly, more cheaply or of higher quality than rivals

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Q.2. Evaluate a manufacturing process affected by bottlenecks using process mapping, capacity analysis, cycle time, and the Theory of Constraints, and recommend measures to improve operational efficiency. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Understanding Bottlenecks Through Process Mapping

A Bottleneck is a part of the manufacturing process that, despite having some spare capacity, holds back the whole manufacturing system. The first step to identifying such bottlenecks is to process map, which tells you on a diagram the steps in the production process in order, and how long and what resources are required at each step. The manager can easily find the bottleneck by analysing the process map, and see where at what stage work backs up, and where work is

 

Q.3. Assess the application of forecasting techniques in demand prediction and evaluate how forecasting supports inventory management, capacity planning, and layout decisions in retail operations. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Forecasting Techniques in Demand Prediction

Forecasting involves using historical data, market trends, and other relevant information to estimate the demand of customers in the future. Qualitative techniques like expert judgement and market surveys can be helpful if there is limited historical data, e.g. launching a new product. Quantitative techniques involve the use of historical sales information to forecast future demand patterns, such as moving averages, exponential smoothing and trend analysis. Another popular method is regression analysis, which examines the relationship between demand and other factors that affect it, like advertising expenditures or prices, and develops a better model for predicting

 

Assignment Set – 2

 

Q.4. Describe the major factors influencing location strategy decisions. Explain the Factor-Rating Method and Location Break-even Analysis used in facility location selection. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Factors Influencing Location Strategy

The site of a facility is one of the largest long-term decisions an organisation can make as it impacts cost, service quality, and competitiveness for many years. Close to the market is a major consideration since the closer to the customers the less transportation time and delivery cost. The availability of raw materials and skilled labour also plays a part in location, especially for manufacturing units which rely on regular supply of raw materials. The infrastructure aspects such as transport network,

 

Q.5. Critically evaluate the role of Material Requirements Planning (MRP), Just-In-Time (JIT) and Total Quality Management (TQM) in improving organizational performance and customer satisfaction. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Role of Material Requirements Planning

MRP, which stands for Material Requirements Planning, is a system of planning for material procurement and production that is based on the demand for finished products. It utilizes the master production schedule, bill of materials and available inventory to determine what materials are required, how much and when. The key value of MRP is that it helps to minimize unrequired inventories because materials are received just in time for use in production. This helps to maximize the cash flow and minimize storage expenses, and minimizes the risk for production delays due to lack of material. MRP is most effective for environments in which there

 

Q.6. Design an integrated aggregate planning and operations scheduling framework for an expanding organization, and justify how the proposed approach balances service quality, operational efficiency, and cost effectiveness while addressing service sector requirements. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Framework for Aggregate Planning

The problem of aggregate planning is related to balancing the overall demand and production capability of an organisation within a medium term horizon (typically months). The first component of the framework is forecasting aggregate demand for all product or service lines of an expanding organisation so that the overall resource requirements can be seen. The organisation responds to this demand by determining a combination of strategies to align the size of the workforce to the expected level

SESSION	JULY-AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA216 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

 

Assignment Set – 1

 

Q.1. What are the objectives and significance of Human Resource Management. Differentiate between HRM, HRD, and Personnel Management. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Meaning and Objectives of Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management is the systematic hiring, development, motivation and retention of the people who work within the organisation. It views employees as assets not to be exploited or discarded. The main aim of HRM is to maintain proper manpower at the right time with the right skills. It also works to foster the work environment that will encourage staff to be motivated, respected and capable to give their best effort. Another major aim is to keep the organisation’s goals consistent with

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Q.2. Discuss the key functions of Human Resource Manager. Explain how in the era of globalization, the role of HR manager has changed. (6+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Key Functions of a Human Resource Manager

The role of a Human Resource Manager is multifaceted, with various responsibilities that all work together to ensure the smooth operation of an organisation. First, human resource planning, which is the forecasting of the number and type of employees the organisation will require in the future. This is then followed by recruitment and selection, the identification and selection of suitable candidates by utilizing a fair and structured process. The moment employees are

 

Q.3. Explain the process of Human Resource Planning and its importance. Briefly discuss the sources of recruitment. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Process of Human Resource Planning

HRP is the process of deciding the manpower requirements of an organisation in advance and formulating a plan for it. The first step is to start with the organisation’s goals and strategic plans, as there should be no staffing requirements without business objectives. The next step is to forecast the demand for employees—information that estimates the number of employees needed with specific skills over the next period. This is then followed by the analysis of the manpower available

 

 

Assignment Set – 2

 

Q.4. Differentiate between training and management development. What are the different methods of training. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Difference Between Training and Management Development

The aim of both training and management development is to increase the capability of employees, albeit for different purposes and over a wider scope. Training is typically brief and is on-the-job training to enhance the skills required for an existing position. It is job related and can be technical in nature, such as teaching a machine operator how to operate new equipment, or training a cashier on a new billing system. This generally takes the form of training provided to all staff at every level,

 

 

Q.5. Discuss the process and methods of performance appraisal. Identify the steps of succession planning. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Process of Performance Appraisal

Performance appraisal is a systematic approach to assessing an employee’s effectiveness in performing job tasks during a specified time interval. Typically, the cycle starts with establishing clear standards of performance and goals that are conveyed to the employee at the beginning of the appraisal period. Actual observation and measurement of performance is the next step, during which the manager gathers information about the employee’s performance through the

 

 

Q.6. What is collective bargaining? Explain its needs. Also discuss employee welfare measures and their importance in organizations. (2+3+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Meaning of Collective Bargaining

Collective bargaining refers to the negotiation between employers and employees (typically organized in trade unions) that is used to come to an agreement on issues like wages, working conditions and other terms and conditions of employment. When the employees speak as one, they have greater negotiating power and more equitable results for the workforce as a whole than if each one dealt individually with the management.

Need for Collective

 

 

SESSION	JULY-AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA217 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

 

Assignment Set – 1

 

Q.1. Identify the key sources of funds in a Fund Flow Statement and analyse the impact of an increase or decrease in working capital on the flow of funds. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Meaning of a Fund Flow Statement

Fund Flow Statement” is a financial statement which illustrates from where the funds of a firm have come during a specific period of time and how it was utilized in the business. A Fund Flow Statement is different from a Balance Sheet in that it does not report on the financial position of a company as of a particular date, but rather the change in the working capital and long term financial position as of a two dates as reported in the Balance Sheet.

Key Sources of Funds

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Q.2. Explain the concept of Management Accounting and distinguish it from Financial Accounting by highlighting their key differences. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Meaning of Management Accounting

Management Accounting is the preparation and presentation of information in financial and non financial terms which is useful to managers in planning, controlling and decision making in an organisation. Management Accounting is different from accounting that is primarily for external reporting purposes as it is prepared specifically for internal use and provides information to managers on a day to day basis and in detail.

Nature and Scope of

 

Q.3. From the following balance sheets of ABC Ltd prepare a cash flow statement with the indirect method. (Balance Sheet as at 31.03.2025 and 31.03.2026: Equity Share Capital Rs 2,00,000 / Rs 2,50,000; Profit & Loss Account Rs 30,000 / Rs 50,000; Trade Payables Rs 40,000 / Rs 50,000; Total Liabilities Rs 2,70,000 / Rs 3,50,000; Plant Rs 1,50,000 / Rs 2,00,000; Trade Receivables Rs 50,000 / Rs 60,000; Stock Rs 40,000 / Rs 45,000; Cash and Bank Rs 30,000 / Rs 45,000; Total Assets Rs 2,70,000 / Rs 3,50,000. Additional Information: Depreciation on Plant during the year was Rs 10,000; Equity Shares were issued for Rs 50,000 during the year; Dividend paid during the year was Rs 10,000; No fixed assets were sold during the year.) (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Meaning of a Cash Flow Statement

A Cash Flow Statement depicts how cash is flowing in and out of a business in a specific accounting period under three major headings: Operating activities, Investing activities and Financing activities. It assists users to appreciate whether a firm made a profit, but also whether the profit resulted in an actual increase in cash available for the operations of the business.

Indirect Method of

 

 

Assignment Set – 2

 

Q.4. ‘The profit is the product of the P/V ratio and the margin of safety’. Comment. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Meaning of P/V Ratio

Profit Volume ratio is also known as P/V ratio, which is a ratio of contribution and sales. Contribution is sales minus variable costs, and it is the money left after variable costs to pay fixed costs and from there on, the profits. The P/V ratio indicates the percentage of each rupee of sales that will be converted into contribution and provided that the fixed costs do not change, a higher P/V ratio will yield a

 

Q.5. Outline the steps to install a budgetary control system in an organisation, including roles of the Budget Controller and Budget Committee. (6+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Meaning of Budgetary Control

Budgetary Control is a system of controlling business activities in which budgets are prepared for various functions of the organization and actual results are regularly compared with the budgets. The planning and implementation of such a system is not a simple process and involves other people in the organisation at various levels.

Defining Organisational Objectives and Budget Period

The first step in setting up a budgetary control system is to state the general aims of the organisation, because budgets cannot be set without reference to the general aims of the organisation. In addition

 

 

Q.6. Standard time = 1.5 hours per unit; Standard rate (SR) = Rs 120 per hour. Actual output = 600 units; Actual hours (AH) = 960 hours at Actual rate (AR) = Rs 125 per hour. Compute Labour Cost Variance (LCV), Labour Rate Variance (LRV) and Labour Efficiency Variance (LEV). (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Meaning of Labour Cost Variance

Labour Cost Variance is the overall difference between the standard labour cost allowed to produce the actual output of the period and the actual labour cost incurred in the period. It reflects the overall variance and can be subdivided to determine where the difference occurred to provide management with a better understanding of the labour cost performance.

Labour

SESSION	JUL-AUG 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA218 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

 

Assignment Set – 1

 

Q.1. Explain the scope and objectives of Financial Management. Distinguish between Profit Maximization and Wealth Maximization, and discuss why wealth maximization is considered an important objective of modern financial management. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Scope of Financial Management

Financial Management is planning, organising, directing and controlling the financial activities of an organisation. It applies to large capital decisions like how much capital should a firm raise, how it should invest it, how it should distribute earnings and how it should manage working capital day to day. The decisions combined contribute to the monetary well-being and sustainability of the business.

Financial Management

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Q.2. A company is considering an investment that will generate cash flows of Rs 80,000 at the end of each year for 4 years. If the required rate of return is 10% per annum, calculate the present value of the cash flows. Explain how the Time Value of Money concept supports capital investment decisions. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Meaning of Time Value of Money

Time Value of Money (TVM) is an important concept in finance that says that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow. This is because money received today can be invested and used for earning a return, and by delaying the receipt of money an opportunity is given up. It also incorporates the uncertainty and risk associated with future cash flows, as the cash may not come in a

 

Q.3. Explain the concept of Cost of Capital and discuss the methods of determining the cost of different sources of finance. A firm has 40% equity costing 14%, 20% preference shares costing 10%, and 40% debt costing 8%. If the corporate tax rate is 25%, calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Meaning of Cost of Capital

The rate of return that a firm needs on its investments to meet the expectations of the investors that have provided the funds to the business is Cost of Capital. It is the cost the firm would have to pay on the funds it has raised from various sources including equity, preference shares and debt. Each source is associated with a different cost, so the overall cost of capital is a

 

Assignment Set – 2

 

Q.4. Explain Operating Leverage, Financial Leverage and Combined Leverage. Discuss how leverage affects the risk and return of a firm. Illustrate your answer with suitable numerical or business examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Meaning of Operating Leverage

The concept of operating leverage is based on the fact that some of a firm’s operating costs are fixed costs, which do not vary with the level of output (e.g., rent, depreciation, some salaries). Sales volume changes have a much greater effect on operating profit when the fixed costs are a high percentage of total costs than when they are a small percentage, because fixed costs don’t change, but variable costs do. This magnifying effect on operating profit is a measure of operating leverage.

Meaning of Financial Leverage

Financial leverage is created

 

 

Q.5. Explain in detail, Dividend Relevance Model, Miller and Modigliani Model, Stability of Dividends, Forms of Dividends. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Dividend Relevance Model

The dividend relevance school of thought believes that the dividend decision of the firm has a direct impact on the market value of the firm. This argument suggests that investors would rather receive the dividend now as opposed to risk a capital gain in the future, as an amount of dividends received now is more assure than the potential of capital gain later. This type of school (Walter’s model and Gordon’s model) implies that the value of a share of a company is related to its dividend policy, and that the optimal dividend policy is determined by whether the return on investment exceeds the

 

Q.6. Tabulate the key differences between the Conventional & operating cycle approaches of Working Capital Management and provide one example for each. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Meaning of Working Capital Management

Working Capital Management is the operation of a firm’s short term assets and liabilities (e.g., cash, inventory, receivables and payables) to ensure the smooth day to day activities of a business without any unnecessary strains on its resources. There are two methods of working capital evaluation and management that are often

SESSION	JUL-AUG 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA219 LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS

 

Assignment Set – 1

 

Q.1. Explain the different consumer rights provided under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Discuss their importance in protecting consumers. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Background of the Consumer Protection Act 2019

The Consumer Protection Act 2019 was created to update the previous 1986 legislation and enhance consumers’ rights in a rapidly evolving marketplace defined by internet commerce and novel advertising methods. It is recognised in the Act that consumers are not usually in as dominant a position as the sellers and hence gives some specific rights to consumers that are enforceable through consumer forums and other authorities. These rights guarantee fair treatment, accurate information, and an

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Q.2. Who is an unpaid seller? Explain the rights of an unpaid seller against the goods and against the buyer. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Meaning of an Unpaid Seller

An unpaid seller is a seller of goods who has not received the full payment because the price is not paid in full or bill of exchange given as payment is dishonoured. However, the Sale of Goods Act provides certain rights to such a seller, to ensure that their interest in the goods is safeguarded even after the goods have technically been sold to the buyer. Seller’s rights are granted to enable recoupment of monies or action to be taken if the buyer is defaulting on the contract.

Rights of Unpaid

 

Q.3. Explain the essential elements of a partnership under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. Discuss the rights and duties of partners. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Meaning of Partnership Under the Indian Partnership Act 1932

According to the Indian Partnership Act 1932, Partnership is defined as the relation between persons who have agreed to carry on a business in common with a view to profit. This definition does demonstrate that a partnership is based on the agreement of individuals who work together to operate a business and share the profits in the business.

Essential Elements of a Partnership

The first requirement is that there must be some sort of contract, an agreement, between two or more individuals. Partnership is not based on status, but on contract, and thus family members who operate a business

 

Assignment Set – 2

 

Q.4. What is copyright? Explain the subject matter of copyright and discuss the rights of a copyright owner. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Meaning of Copyright

Copyright belongs to the group of intellectual property rights that are given to people who create original literary, art, music and some other works. It provides the creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform and adapt their creation without the involvement of others. An idea itself will not be protected by copyright, but rather the specific expression of the idea; two people may write about the same idea without violating the other’s copyright, provided the manner of expression is

 

 

Q.5. Differentiate between the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association. Explain their respective roles in the functioning of a company. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Meaning of Memorandum of Association

The Memorandum of Association is the fundamental charter of a company which lays down the relation of a company with the outer world. It specifies the name of the company, the State in which the registered office of the company is situated, objects of the company, the liability of its members and the size of the share capital with which it is registered. It is generally considered that anything the company does outside of the objects hereof will not be legal as it is not

 

 

Q.6. Explain the objectives of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Background of the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999

Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) was introduced in 1999 with a more liberal policy on foreign exchange transactions than its predecessor, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). With the process of liberalising the Indian economy, there was a need to establish a legislation that would facilitate foreign trade and investment but provide a reasonable degree of control over India’s reserves. However, FEMA was created with this change in

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DMBA220 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION (VAC)

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. How can the effective use of visual aids and multimedia enhance the clarity and impact of a presentation? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Visual aids and multimedia used to facilitate understanding, recall and response to a presentation. They accompany explanations with charts, diagrams, pictures, speech, video, and/or demonstration. They are only as good as they are in conveying the message. Good content cannot be made up for by good material.

Making Information Clear

You can use visual aids to make

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Q.2. Explain the importance of effective listening in the workplace. Discuss the strategies for improving listening ability. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Good listening involves listening to a message, comprehending it, verifying interpretation and reacting. It involves more than hearing words. At work, listening is important to have clear directions, identify issues, and plan responses. It’s a responsibility that’s active on the part of all three managers, colleagues and customer facing members of staff.

Accuracy and Coordination

By listening carefully, miscommunication

 

Q.3. Discuss the key elements of effective public speaking. Explain how a speaker can overcome public speaking anxiety and use persuasive techniques such as ethos, pathos, and logos to engage and influence the audience. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Good public speaking is about conveying a clear message that the audience will understand and be able to think about. It takes preparation and organized content, delivery, and listeners awareness. A speaker also needs to control his or her nervousness and apply the tools of persuasion ethically, linking credibility, emotion, and evidence to not deceive the audience.

Purpose, Audience, Organisation (PAO)

The speaker should make a

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Explain the role of non-verbal communication in professional interactions. Discuss body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, and cultural differences in non-verbal cues, with suitable examples. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Nonverbal communication – uses behaviour and vocal qualities to communicate meaning. It influences the interpretation of messages and can facilitate, control or contradict speech. In interviews, in negotiations, in meetings and in customer service, people pay attention, not only to what is said, but to how attention and attitude is expressed.

Role in Professional Interaction

Nonverbal signals are used to create rapport, convey emotions and to control the conversation. Another

 

Q.5. Explain how cultural sensitivity influences the success of cross-cultural interactions in professional settings. Analyse the role of verbal and non-verbal communication, trust-building, and adaptation strategies, and provide examples of both successful and failed cross-cultural business cases. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Cultural sensitivity involves being aware that the understanding of language, relationships, behaviour and expectations may differ. It is curiosity and respect, but not assuming all people in one country act the same. In the world of business, this awareness helps with communication, better relationships and more appropriate decision-making among individuals who are working across cultural lines.

Influence on Professional Success

Meetings and negotiations

Q.6. Discuss the importance of digital communication in modern business. Explain the major digital communication channels, and professional etiquette for virtual meetings (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Digital communication enables the sharing of information between business, networks and devices. It facilitates internal and external communication between employees, customers, suppliers and other business partners, regardless of their geographical location. It is not just about speed as it impacts coordination, records, access to expertise, and the quality of business relationships.

Importance in Business Operations

Digital channels enable teams

 

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	5
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA31E3 ETHICAL HACKING

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

 

Q.1. Define Ethical Hacking and explain its key aspects. Discuss the different types of hackers and distinguish between ethical hacking and malicious hacking with suitable examples. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Ethical hacking is the process of probing computer systems, networks or applications and finding security vulnerabilities with the owner’s permission. The aim is to assist the organisation to rectify the weaknesses before they are exploited. Ethical hacker applies technical skills in a controlled and responsible manner.

Permission and Scope

Written authorisation of course is necessary.

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Q.2. Explain the concept of information gathering in ethical hacking. Differentiate between passive and active information gathering techniques, and discuss the role of footprinting, scanning, and enumeration in the reconnaissance process. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Information Gathering: Gathering information about a target prior to studying its security. In the context of ethical hacking, it aids the hacker in gaining insight into the organisation’s systems and their presence, technologies and potential vulnerabilities. The results inform subsequent testing which is authorized within the scope of

 

 

Q.3. Define network scanning and explain its importance in ethical hacking. Discuss host discovery, ping sweep, and TCP/IP scanning techniques, and explain the role of port scanning in identifying network services. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Network scanning: The act of “scanning” a network to discover reachable devices, exposed ports, and available services. In the process of ethical hacking, it enables the ethical hacker to get an insight into the attack surface of the network. Scanning will only be conducted with the owner’s permission and within the scope of the owner’s agreement due to the fact that scanning systems can give rise to alerts or to the impact on sensitive equipment.

Importance of Network Scanning

There is a possible

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Explain the concept of system hacking in the context of ethical hacking. Discuss different types of password attacks and explain vertical and horizontal privilege escalation with suitable examples. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

In ethical hacking, system hacking involves determining if an authorized tester can access a system or if he/she can access more than was originally granted. The assessment looks for vulnerabilities in authentication, permissions and system configuration. Shows risk and directs corrections within agreed scope.

Understanding

 

 

Q.5. Define malware and explain its role in cybersecurity threats. Differentiate between viruses, worms, and Trojans, and discuss their impact on computer systems and networks. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Malware is a program that is used to cause damage or to perform unauthorized actions on a device or network. It may cause loss of information, damage files, disrupt service, or provide control by the attacker. Malware can be sent via misleading downloads, compromised files, removable media or vulnerabilities in software and network services.

Role in Cybersecurity Threats

Malware will frequently

 

Q.6. Define social engineering and explain its significance in cybersecurity. Discuss phishing, baiting, quid pro quo, and pretexting techniques, and explain appropriate measures for preventing social engineering attacks. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Social Engineering is the art of getting information out of people, or getting them to do something that compromises security. Rather than just a software vulnerability, the attacker leverages trust, fear, curiosity, helpfulness, or urgency. Requests can come in by e-mail, phone, text, or in person.

Significance in Cybersecurity

 

SESSION	JULY  2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	V
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3105 MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Explain Android Architecture in detail. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Android architecture is a software framework which helps bridge the gap between the hardware of the device and the application. Each layer provides service to the layer above it. Developers write applications using a standard set of APIs to perform common tasks, and the operating system handles hardware access, application running and security.

Linux Kernel

The operating system is Linux-based with the Linux kernel as the base. It is responsible for handling processes, memory, device drivers and basic security of the system. The operating system lets the drivers communicate with the hardware components. The kernel also handles networking and scheduling scarce

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Q.2. Explain different Layout available in Android Studio (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

A layout is a way of organizing the elements on an Android screen. Typically, a layout is a ViewGroup with some views like TextView, EditText and Button. These arrangements can be created using the visual editor and XML editor available in Android Studio.

LinearLayout

LinearLayout arranges its children in a single row or column, vertically or horizontally. This way, a label, an

 

 

Q.3. Write a program in Android Studio to change the text color of a TextView by clicking three different buttons labelled with three different colours. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

The app will show one TextView and 3 buttons, namely Red, Green and Blue. Each button will alter the colour of the text only, not what words are displayed. It is an example in Java, with an XML Views layout, which makes the interface and the clicking easy to follow.

Layout File

In res/layout create the file activity_main.xml. The identifiers are to link the XML views to the activity code.

<LinearLayout xmlns:android=”http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”

android:layout_width=”match_parent”

android:layout_height=”match_parent”

android:orientation=”vertical”

android:padding=”24dp”>

<TextView android:id=”@+id/message”

android:layout_

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Design a Full Fledge Android Application to check given number is Even or odd. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

If a number is divisible by 2 without remainder it is even. Otherwise, it is odd. The program takes an integer as input and prints out the remainder of the integer when divided by the number 5. In the interface, there is an input field, a Check button and a result label.

Activity Code

Make a java views project for namespace com.example.paritydemo. This activity creates its layout in Java,

 

 

Q.5. Explain how FOR LOOPS can be implemented in Android applications with example (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

A for loop is used to execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true. Java is used for loops in Android applications to process arrays, build output, or to perform repeated calculations. The loop works in the same manner as in regular language; also the result of the loop can be outputted via the components of the Android interface.

Basic Structure

General form is for (initialisation; condition; update). Initialisation is the part of the loop that is executed only once, before

 

Q.6. Write a program in Android application to check whether a given number is prime or not. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

A positive integer greater than one with exactly two positive factors 1 and the number itself is called prime. This is an application that receives an integer and executes the test of having another divisor. It is showing the result upon button click and not terminated if there is an invalid input.

Activity Code

Start a new java

 

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BCA
SEMESTER	V
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3106 MACHINE LEARNING

 

 

Set-I

 

Q.1. Describe the Machine Learning workflow. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Meaning of the Machine Learning Workflow

The machine learning workflow is a series of steps that a developer takes to get from raw data to a working model. It’s not a one-step process; missing or skipping any of the steps will most likely result in a weak or unreliable model.

Gathering and Analyzing Information

The first step is to collect data from a relevant sources like databases, sensors, surveys and existing files. After it’s collected

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Q.2. Differentiate between supervised learning and unsupervised learning with suitable example. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Meaning of Supervised Learning

Supervised learning involves an algorithm that learns about data, for which the right answers are already known. In each training example, the input is presented together with the desired output, called a label, and the goal of the model is to discover the mapping that relates the input to the output and then make predictions for new, unlabeled inputs. The prediction of house prices, as a function of area, location, number of rooms etc., is a good example because the selling prices of houses in the training data are known.

Meaning of Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised learning is applied to data without any labels. It is just fed a set of inputs and left to itself to determine the structure, patterns, or groupings. A common example is customer segmentation, where a retail company segments customers by their purchasing habits without a

 

 

Q.3. Discuss the need for feature scaling in KNN and explain normalisation and standardization techniques. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Role of Feature Scaling in KNN

The K Nearest Neighbours algorithm takes a new data point and computes its distance from the other points in the data set, then examines the labels of the other data points that are the closest. This implies that the complete algorithm relies on distance (typically Euclidean distance) computations between feature values. This distance calculation becomes distorted if the features in a given dataset have measurements that are on very different scales.

Problem Caused by Unscaled Features

Suppose you are having

 

 

Set-II

 

Q.4. List and explain the different types of Naïve Bayes classifiers. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Basic Idea Behind Naive Bayes

Naive Bayes is a classification method that is based on Bayes theorem, which determines the probability of a specific outcome based on a set of evidence. It is termed “naive” because it assumes all features in the dataset are independent, and in the real data, this assumption is not true, but the algorithm still works well in practice. Based on the nature of data to be processed, various variants of Naive Bayes are used.

Gaussian

 

 

Q.5. What are support vectors? Why are they important. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Meaning of Support Vectors

The Support Vector Machine algorithm’s key idea is to identify the optimal hyperplane that separates data points from different classes. These are the data points in the training set that lie closest to this separating hyperplane and are known as support vectors. These points are not located far into their class regions, but just on the edge of each region, in the middle of the boundary lines.

Role of

 

 

 

Q.6. Discuss the need and importance of cluster analysis in modern data mining and machine learning applications. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Meaning of Cluster Analysis

Unsupervised machine learning method that categorizes a collection of data points into clusters so that data points in a cluster are more alike than those in different clusters. Because there are no labels in the data that is incorporated into the algorithm, the algorithm must uncover these natural groups based on patterns in the features themselves, not on any idea of what the grouping should be.

Need for Cluster Analysis in Data Mining

The data gathered today, from retail sales, social media interactions, sensor networks, and much more, is often too large to have categories preattached to it. Analysts need to make sense of this raw, unlabelled data, and to do so they need to find structure in it that they would otherwise not be able to see in thousands or millions of individual records: hence the need for cluster analysis. Otherwise, there would be no way to manually search for patterns in such huge datasets.

Importance

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BCA
SEMESTER	V
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3107  CLOUD COMPUTING AND APPLICATIONS

 

SET-I

 

Q.1. Explain the evolution of cloud computing and discuss its major benefits and barriers. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Evolution of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing didn’t suddenly come into existence but has a number of previous concepts in computing that coalesced into what it is today. It dates back to the days of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 1970s when many users had access to a single powerful computer, because they were too expensive to have one for every organisation. This notion of computing over a shared centralised set of computing resources was the conceptual foundation for what cloud computing is.

Growth Through Virtualisation and the Internet

The next huge push was when virtualisation technology became popular in the 1990s and early 2000s, where a single physical server was split into multiple virtual machines that operate as if there were multiple computers. At approximately the same time, the Internet was fast and reliable enough to move large volumes of information around with ease, making it feasible to store and access computing resources remotely as well as locally. The two go hand-in-hand, forming the technical basis for the modern cloud services.

Arrival of Modern Cloud Platforms

It was the advent of companies such as Amazon, Google and Microsoft that offered computing power, storage and software as a service that anyone could access on the internet, paying only for what they used, that really popularized the term. Amazon Web Services was introduced in the mid 2000s, and it’s considered to have pioneered this as-a-service approach — in turn, a host of other big tech firms followed suit, making cloud computing a common business tool.

Major Benefits of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing has a number of practical benefits. Organisations don’t need to buy and run costly hardware as they only pay for the resources they use. Scalability enables businesses to scale up or down on computing resources based on demand as and when required, without any wait for new physical equipment. Accessibility is also a big advantage, as cloud services can be accessed from any location with an internet connection, facilitating remote work and collaboration across the globe. The redundancy is also increased, since most cloud services have multiple data centres, minimizing the risk of complete service outages.

Major Barriers to Cloud Computing

Nevertheless, there are some challenges associated with cloud computing. Security and privacy are important issues as well because data is not stored in an organisation’s own premises, but on servers of a third party. Another drawback is reliance on internet connection; when you have an internet connection interruption, you can’t use the cloud service. Another worry is vendor lock in, the process of transferring data and applications from one cloud provider to another may be technically challenging and expensive. Compliance with various countries’ data protection laws also poses a challenge, especially

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Q.2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of public, private, hybrid, and community clouds. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Public Cloud

Public cloud services are those offered on the public cloud by a third party provider, such as Amazon, Google or Microsoft, who provides computing resources for multiple customers simultaneously. The greatest benefit here is that there is no initial hardware expense and businesses only pay for the resources they use. It also has a high degree of scalability, allowing organisations to scale up and use it more when needed. The downside is that shared infrastructure can potentially compromise data security and provide an organisation with less control over how

 

 

Q.3. Explain Docker and Kubernetes and discuss their roles in container management. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Meaning of Docker

Docker is a platform that can be used to package up an application into a container with everything it needs to run in it, including libraries, dependencies, and configuration settings. The beauty of this is that a container will perform exactly the same way whether it’s running on a developer’s laptop, a testing server or a production cloud environment because it brings its own complete runtime environment with it and doesn’t rely on what is installed on the host machine.

 

 

SET-II

 

Q.4. Explain Service Level Agreements (SLAs) in cloud computing and discuss their major components. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Meaning of Service Level Agreements

A Service Level Agreement (known as an SLA) is an agreement between the CSP and the customer that specifies exactly what level of service it gives the customer. Cloud Computing means using another company’s infrastructure, so an SLA provides the customer with a definite, documented performance, availability and support statement, and avoids vague or implicit assumptions. It also explains what will occur should the provider not achieve these stated standards.

 

 

Q.5. Explain the role of AI and Machine Learning in Cloud Computing with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Connection Between AI, ML, and Cloud Computing

AI and ML need a lot of computing power and large volumes of data to train effective models, which many organisations may not be able to afford to have on site. Cloud computing addresses this by providing access to powerful processing capabilities, including specialized hardware such as graphics processing units, on demand, which means that businesses can leverage complex AI and ML workloads without having to purchase and maintain costly infrastructure. This connection has opened the door to sophisticated AI capabilities for many more organisations than ever before.

Scalable Infrastructure for Training

 

 

Q.6. Discuss the relationship between data security, privacy, and access management. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Meaning of Data Security

Data security is the process of technical and procedural measures that are implemented to ensure that data is protected from unauthorized access, theft, or corruption. This usually means that data is encrypted, meaning the data can be unreadable unless a proper key is present, as well as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, and regular security audits to look for vulnerabilities in the system before they can be used.

Meaning of Data Privacy

Data privacy is

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	V
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3108 APTITUDE AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT

 

 

SET-I

 

Q.1. a) A train covers a total distance of 1200 km. It travels the first 300 km at a speed of 60 km/hr, the second 300 km at 100 km/hr, the third 300 km at 150 km/hr, and the final 300 km at 300 km/hr. Determine the average speed of the train for the entire journey. b) A man completes a work in 12 days and another man completes the same work in 18 days. How many days will they take to complete the work together? (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Concept of Average Speed

The average speed for a trip that is done in several stages at different speeds is not the arithmetic mean of the different speeds. It is equal to the total distance travelled divided by the total time spent for the entire journey. Because the distance is the same through each of these stages but at different rates, the time for each stage must be determined separately before an average speed for the total distance and time can be calculated. This method provides us with an accurate indication of the average speed of the train as it had varying speeds on different

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Q.2. Explain the concept of number series and alphabet series with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Meaning of Number Series

A number series is a series of numbers arranged in a specific pattern or in accordance with a specific rule and the task is to find the missing numbers in the series or predict the next number in the series by identifying the pattern or rule. Patterns may be formed by simple addition or subtraction between two successive terms, by multiplying or dividing by a constant, or by more elaborate rules, such as square or cube, or a combination of two different patterns interlaced.

Common Types

 

 

 

Q.3. Contrast the procedural programming paradigm with Object-Oriented Programming. Provide a comprehensive explanation of the four foundational pillars of OOP: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Procedural Programming Paradigm

Procedural programming is a programming paradigm that structures a program as a series of steps, typically defined in functions or procedures that act on data provided to them. The data and functions that manipulate the data are stored separately, so that any function within the program can access and change shared data. It works fine with small simple programs, but is difficult to handle as the program becomes larger, as changes in data found in one section of the program can have

 

 

SET-II

 

Q.4. Explain the critical role of body language in a professional setting. How do specific elements like eye contact, posture, and gestures contribute to creating a positive first impression, and how can poor body language undermine an otherwise strong verbal performance? (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Importance of Body Language in Professional Settings

Communication in the workplace isn’t just about the spoken word. Body language, including facial expressions, posture, gestures and eye contact, accounts for a considerable portion of what any message has to say. Body language is a very important skill to learn because in many instances, it can create an impression before listeners have absorbed the message of the speech, such as during an interview, a

 

 

Q.5. Explain the role of functions in achieving modularity and code reusability in C programming. Compare and contrast the memory mechanics of “call by value” versus “call by reference”. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Role of Functions in Modularity

A function is a block of code in C that is self contained and performs a specific task. Modular programming is based on the idea of dividing a large program into smaller functions that perform a single, well-defined task. This design is much easier to read, debug and maintain since a problem can typically be found in a single function instead of having to track through hundreds of lines of interspersed logic.

Role of Functions in Code Reusability

After writing and testing, a function

 

 

Q.6. Explain in detail Linked List, Stack and Queue Data Structure. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Linked List

A linked list is a linear data structure that consists of nodes, each of which contains data and a reference to the next node in the list. Unlike an array, the elements of a linkedlist are not stored in contiguous memory locations; so it becomes easier to insert or remove elements from a linkedlist as compared to an array (insertion and deletion becomes generally more efficient than in an array). The downside is that accessing a node in the list requires traversing the list from the start, as there is no direct access to a node within the list, like an array index.

Types of

 

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3201  MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. Draw the android architecture diagram with functions of each layer.

(5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Android Architecture

Android is a layered system which allows applications to be separated from low level services and hardware. Every layer offers facilities to the layers above it. The main groups are depicted in the diagram of a simplified

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2. a) How would you create an empty project in Android Studio? Enlist the major steps.
   b) Describe about the function of .java and .xml files in an Android project?

(5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2a.

Steps to Create an Empty Android Studio Project

Launch Android Studio and be sure that the necessary Android SDK is installed. On the welcome screen click on New Project. If another project is currently open, choose File, New, New Project. Select desired device category and blank activity template.

If the project is a traditional project with a java and xml layout, then choose Empty Views Activity if available. Empty Activity is the typical template that has been used to start a Jetpack Compose project using Kotlin

 

3. Describe Dalvik Virtual Machine and Android Run Time (ART). (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Purpose of Android Runtimes

Android applications are run in managed environments: Dalvik Virtual Machine and Android Runtime. They both run Dalvik Executable, or DEX, bytecode instead of plain old Java class files. Build tools are responsible for making a compiled version of the application code into the code that the Android runtime understands.

Dalvik Virtual Machine

Dalvik was created for devices that were running on a low memory and low processing. It uses a register based virtual

 

Assignment Set 2

 

4. Explain the role of LoaderManager. LoaderCallbacks in managing Cursor Loaders and the significance of its methods in the Android Loader framework (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Role of the Android Loader Framework

Android Loader framework was created for the purpose to load data asynchronously and reconnect to an activity or fragment. A CursorLoader makes a ContentResolver query on a background thread and returns a Cursor. This prevents a query to the provider from happening in the interface thread itself, which would be rather slow.

LoaderManager manages

 

5. Discuss how Broadcast Receivers work in Android and provide an example scenario where they might be useful (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Meaning of Broadcast Receivers

A Broadcast Receiver is an Android part that reacts to broadcast intents sent by both the framework as well as applications. An event such as a change of charging status or an application specific update is broadcasted. The receiver deals with the event without the sender having to call its class directly.

A broadcast Intent includes an

 

6. Discuss the various CRUD operations available in SQLite database. Explain them with the help of suitable examples. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

CRUD Operations in SQLite

CRUD is an acronym for Create, Read, Update and Delete. These operations are used to add records, retrieve information, change the stored values and remove unwanted rows. These can be done with SQLiteDatabase APIs in Android, and SQLiteOpenHelper can be used for creating the database as well as handling version changes.

The database has a table of student information. The table below contains a unique identifier, a name and marks. Normally, the

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3242 OPEN SOURCE SYSTEMS

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. (a) Explain the key principles of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and discuss their importance in software development.
   (b) Differentiate between commercial software licenses and open-source licenses with respect to user rights and restrictions.

(5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1a.

Principles of FOSS

Free and Open Source Software is software that can be freely used for any purpose, source code can be viewed, source code can be changed and copies can be shared. Users are allowed to share modified versions, under the relevant license. Free, in this sense means freedom, not free as in no cost.

To study and modify a program, they need to access the source code. But visibility of code isn’t all open source freedom. The license should also allow for uses, modifications and redistribution without non-permissible

 

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2. (a) Explain the basic principles of copyright law and their application to open-source software.
   (b) Explain the key provisions of the Apache License and discuss its importance in open-source software development.

(5+4+1 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2a.

Basic Principles of Copyright Law

Original expression in software (source code and object code) is subject to copyright protection. It typically occurs automatically upon the creation of a qualifying work, but, the procedures for the registration and enforcement vary from one jurisdiction to another. The idea, method or algorithm will not be protected by copyright even if it is shown in a program.

It is generally the copyright

 

3. Explain the concept of the Academic Free License (AFL) and describe its major provisions. Discuss how the Academic Free License supports software sharing, modification, and distribution. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Concept of the Academic Free License

The Academic Free License (AFL) is an open source license created by Lawrence Rosen. This answer is for version 3.0. Although the AFL is a name associated with Universities and educational projects, it is not restricted to such areas. It allows to be used in research projects, community programs and commercial software solutions.

The license offers wide permissions with specifically stated protections for the original rights-holder. It is generally said to be permissive, allowing derivative works to be distributed under other conditions that

 

Assignment Set 2

 

 

4. (a) Explain the key features and obligations of Mozilla Public License (MPL) 2.0.
   (b) Discuss the different types of Creative Commons licenses and their role in sharing creative works. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4a.

Mozilla Public License 2.0

MPL 2.0 is a copyleft open source license which, for the most part, is applied at the level of individual files. Users are permitted to run, study, modify and distribute software covered by this license, including for

 

 

5. (a) Explain the objectives and major features of the Microsoft Shared Source Initiative.
   (b) Describe the role of Concurrent Versioning System (CVS) and Source Control Management (SCM) in managing open-source projects. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5a.

Objectives and Features of the Microsoft Shared Source Initiative

Microsoft Shared Source Initiative was created to allow access to source code with various different licenses. Among its goals were transparency and better debugging, as well as research and development and education and cooperation with developers and partners. Access could be used to increase

 

 

 

6. (a) Explain the process of entering into software licensing contracts and discuss the importance of contractual terms.
   (b) Differentiate between compatible and incompatible open-source licenses and discuss their impact on software integration.

(5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6a.

Entering into Software Licensing Contracts

The first step in a software licensing contract is to identify the parties and verify the authority of the licensor to provide licenses. The parties describe the software, its users and activities. They should differentiate between permission to use software and the copyright ownership of the software.

Agreements can be negotiated or a

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3243 CLOUD COMPUTING

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. (A) Explain the fundamental concepts of cloud computing, its major characteristics, and different types of cloud computing.
   (B) Analyze the key factors involved in making a cloud strategic decision. Explain the role of governance in cloud computing.

(5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

(A) Cloud Computing Concepts Characteristics and Types

Cloud Computing is the term for accessing computing resources—servers, storage or applications—via a network only when they are required. An organisation does not buy all of the machines, but rents the services from a service provider and pays for the services according to the agreement. This is frequently accomplished using virtualisation, which helps to enable multiple computing environments on a single physical resource.

The key aspects are on-demand self-

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2. (A) Explain cloud service modelling and discuss SaaS, PaaS and IaaS with suitable examples.
   (B) Explain security issues in cloud computing and discuss measures used to maintain safe data. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

(A) Cloud Service Modelling and Service Models

Cloud service modelling pinpoints what are the services that a provider offers and what are the services that are the customer’s responsibility. The most popular ones are Software as a Service, Platform as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service. Both have different levels of convenience and control.

Saas: Ready-to-use applications

 

3. Explain Cloud Data Storage as a Service (CDSaaS) and discuss its role in cloud data management, including its major features and benefits. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Meaning of Cloud Data Storage as a Service

Cloud Data Storage as a Service (CDSaaS) is a service that enables customers to store and retrieve information via storage infrastructure maintained by a cloud provider. An organisation avoids purchasing and supporting all the storage equipment on site and accesses the storage capacity via a service contract. Typically accessed via Applications, Web interfaces or programming interfaces.

The service can offer

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

 

4. (A) Explain Service Level Agreements (SLA) and discuss their supportive services in cloud service administration.
   (B) Explain IT security, performance management and provisioning in cloud service administration. Also discuss tools used to connect with the cloud. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

(A) Service Level Agreements and Supportive Services

A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a document that outlines the service promises that a cloud provider makes to a customer. Converts abstract promises into clear expectations. A helpful contract outlines the level of services, availability goal, measurement time frame, and roles and protocols for

 

5. (A) Explain cloud storage providers and cloud data security in detail.
   (B) Explain private cloud and hybrid cloud. Discuss their suitability for different organizational requirements. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

(A) Cloud Storage Providers and Cloud Data Security

Cloud storage services offer managed storage solutions for storing and accessing digital data. It’s a list that includes Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud. They are designed to store a variety of data types such as application files, backup copies, archived records and virtual machine storage.

A provider needs to be chosen based on storage type, availability, retrieval speed, geographic location and

 

6. Explain the concept of Virtual Desktop Environment (VDE) and discuss its role, features, and benefits in cloud computing.

(10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Concept of a Virtual Desktop Environment (VDE)

A Virtual Desktop Environment (VDE) is a desktop operating environment that is hosted on a remote computing infrastructure instead of the user’s local machine. User accesses a network of applications, files and settings via an appropriate client or browser.

Cloud resources can be used to host the desktop infrastructure in cloud computing. User’s device primarily receives

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3244 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. List and explain the characteristics of the Knowledge management system.

(10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Meaning of a Knowledge Management System

The knowledge management system is an organised set of tools, processes and technologies that an organisation uses in collecting, storing, organising and sharing knowledge amongst its employees. All this experience and information would not be lost in people’s heads or in individual files; it would be captured in a structured system and be accessible for anyone who needs it in that organisation.

Centralised

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2. Explain the Usage of Knowledge Management: – Building and Sharpening Competitive Edge, Betterment of Human Relation, Improvement in Organizational Efficiency and Enhancement of Human Capital Capabilities. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Usage of Knowledge Management

The Knowledge Management is not just about storing knowledge, but about using the knowledge of the organisation to achieve actual business results. It spans across a number of key areas, all of which play a vital role in the overall success of an organisation to compete, perform and achieve growth over time.

Building and

 

3. Explain each step of Repertory Grid Technique: – Identify the Topic or Domain, Select the Elements, Elicit Constructs, Bipolar Constructs, Rate the Elements, Analyze the Grid, Interpret the Results, Refinement and Follow-Up, Feedback to the Respondent and Application of Findings. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Meaning of Repertory Grid Technique

The Repertory Grid Technique is a structured technique that can be applied to an expert to gain tacit knowledge by uncovering the ways that the expert perceives, and differentiates between aspects of a specific field of expertise. In particular, it can be used in knowledge management to capture the expert judgment that may not have been easily expressed verbally.

Identify the Topic

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

 

4. Explain the different types of knowledge management assessment: – Timing of Assessing KM, KM Assessment Approaches, Assessment of the Aspects of KM, The Intangible Assets Monitor (IAM) and Real Options Theory (ROT). (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Meaning of Knowledge Management Assessment

Knowledge management assessment is a process that assesses the effectiveness of an organisation’s knowledge management activities and assets, and that provides decision makers with an understanding of what value an organisation is gaining from the ongoing knowledge management efforts and what changes are required.

Timing of

 

5. Discuss the differences between the user’s view and the developer’s view in a knowledge-based system. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Meaning of a Knowledge Based System

A knowledge-based system is a computer program that uses knowledge, usually in a structured format, to help solve a problem, make a decision, or respond to questions in some domain. Such systems involve both the users and the designers: it is important to understand both these perspectives to design an effective system.

The User’s View

 

6. Explain the different types of databases- Relational Databases, Data Warehouse, Advanced Databases, Information Repositories, Object-Oriented Databases, Object-Relational Databases, Transactional Databases and Spatial Databases. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Types of Databases in Knowledge Management

There are various types of databases, each optimized for storing and managing a specific type of data. These various types of databases can inform an organisation about which technology to use to store and retrieve their knowledge assets.

Relational Databases

Relational databases are structured databases that consist of tables of data with rows and columns, and relationships

 

SESSION	JULY 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA3245 SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. Differentiate between 4P’s. What do you understand by Bruce Tuckman’s five-step paradigm? Also Explain Types of Organizational structures.

(5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

The Four Ps of Software Project Management

People, Product, Process and Project are the four Ps. They explain various issues that should collaborate to make sure that software development is successful. Keeping them separate allows a manager to determine if a challenge is with the team, the needs, the process or the project plan.

Stakeholders are people with an influence or involvement in the work, such as customers, managers, developers and users. Their results are influenced by their skills, communication and cooperation. Product is the

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2. a. Explain various project development phases, Project Closure and role of 3W’s in project management.
   b. What is Work breakdown structure and explain incremental development?

(5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

(a) Development Phases Project Closure and the Three Ws

A software project generally follows the phases of initiation, planning, execution and closure, during which monitoring and control takes place. Initiation sets up the business need, its stakeholders and initial feasibility. Planning identifies scope, resources, responsibilities, estimates, and risks and

 

 

3. a. Explain Scheduling techniques. Give the difference between PERT and GANTT chart.
   b. Explain Cost estimation methods. Discuss one case study in COnstructive COst MOdel under Organic mode. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

(a) Scheduling Techniques and PERT versus Gantt Charts

Scheduling adds a workable sequence and realistic dates to the project activities. The manager defines tasks, estimates the duration, documents the task dependencies and sees the availability of resources. Some of the tools and techniques are milestone planning, Gantt charts, Critical Path Method, and PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique).

Milestones are important outcomes, for example, requirement approvals or acceptance testing. Critical path

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

 

4. a. Explain Project monitoring and control, also define Project Matrics and Earned Value Analysis.
   b. What do you understand by RMMM (Risk Monitoring, Management and Mitigation) techniques? (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

(a) Monitoring Control Metrics and Earned Value Analysis

Project monitoring gathers the data and facts on progress, expenditure, quality and risks. Project control uses that information to determine if and what corrective action is required. Monitoring can show that

 

5. a. Mention the categories of the CASE Tools with their classification.
   b. Define the quality parameters under various quality standards of the project. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

(a) Categories and Classification of CASE Tools

Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools are used to aid in all software development activities. They assist teams to arrange data, automate mundane tasks, and ensure uniformity between related development tasks. Classification may be by life cycle covered or by function.

Upper CASE tools

 

6. a.Give an example and discuss Software Configuration and change and version control. Differentiate between Black and White box testing.
   b.What is Team organization types and conflict management? Compare between ISO 9001 & SEI-CMM (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

(a) Configuration Control and Software Testing

Software configuration management is the practice of managing project artifacts like source code, requirements, test cases and build instructions. A configuration baseline is a point in time that can be used as a reference for evaluating a change that has happened since that time and is approved. If all related items are consistent then the release can be reproduced.

Let’s take a look at an

 

 

SESSION	JUL-AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB1219 STATISTICS FOR MANAGERS

 

 

Assignment Set – 1

 

Q.1. Explain the meaning and characteristics of Statistics. Discuss its major functions and importance in the modern business environment. Also, explain any two important applications of Statistics in business with suitable examples. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Meaning of Statistics

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analysing and interpreting the numerical data to infer useful information to facilitate decision-making. It is used in two ways: 1. As the facts in numbers, as in the number of sales or the number of inhabitants; 2. As the science or system of studying them in a systematic way.

Characteristics of Statistics

Statistics is the science of

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Q.2. A manager receives a large set of raw data containing employees’ gender, department, salary group and years of service. Explain how appropriate classification and tabulation can convert this raw data into meaningful information. Also distinguish between classification and tabulation. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Meaning of Classification

Classification is the arranging of raw data in various groups or classes to group the data with similar characteristics together and the mass of scattered figures becomes easier to study. Given a set of raw data, which lists the gender, department, salary range, years of service, and other information for many employees, the first step is to categorize this information under appropriate heads, like by department, by gender, by salary range, etc.

Meaning of Tabulation

Tabulation is systematic presentation

 

 

Q.3. The salaries and number of employees in five categories of an organisation are given below. Calculate the weighted arithmetic mean salary and explain why weighted mean is more appropriate than simple arithmetic mean in this situation. (Employee Category, Monthly Salary (Rs), Number of Employees: Class I Officers 1500, 10; Class II Officers 800, 20; Subordinate Staff 500, 70; Clerical Staff 250, 100; Lower Staff 100, 150.) (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Meaning of Weighted Arithmetic Mean

Weighted arithmetic mean is a weighted average of a set of numbers, in which values are not treated equally but have varying degrees of importance. This weight is typically defined by the frequency of the occurrence, amount or some other form of importance assigned to each item, such as the number of workers in a specified pay level in an organization.

Approach to

 

 

Assignment Set – 2

 

Q.4. Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. Also explain the level of significance, p-value, and the correct interpretation of “reject” and “fail to reject” the null hypothesis. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Meaning of Null Hypothesis

A hypothesis that is accepted as true if there is no evidence of the effect, difference, or relationship between variables in the data from samples is called the null hypothesis. It is the position in which we start, for example, if the evidence is that a new training programme does not have any effect on employee productivity, or what is called the ‘default model’ and the whole testing process is oriented towards finding out whether the evidence is sufficient to reject this assumption.

Meaning of

 

 

Q.5. The following data show the number of hours studied and examination scores of five students. Calculate Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient and interpret the result. (Student, Study Hours (X), Exam Score (Y): A 2, 50; B 4, 60; C 5, 65; D 7, 80; E 9, 85.) (6+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Meaning of Correlation

Correlation quantifies and describes the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables: whether an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase or decrease in the other. It does not prove a cause-and-effect relationship; it is rather an indication of the tendency of the two variables to move together.

Karl Pearson’s

 

Q.6. What are index numbers? Explain the importance and uses of index numbers in economic and business analysis. Discuss the weighted methods of constructing index numbers with suitable examples. Also mention any two limitations of index numbers. (2+3+3+2 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Meaning of Index Numbers

Index numbers are statistical devices used to show changes in a variable or a set of variables over time, as compared to a base period which is given a reference value. Index numbers can be used to measure price changes, production changes, employment changes or changes in the overall economic activity, and enable comparisons over a period of time in a simple and

 

SESSION	JULY – AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB1216 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Analyze how organizational structure affects communication, coordination, authority, and decision-making in project management. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Organizational structure describes reporting relationships, responsibilities and distribution of authority. In project management, it helps determine the collaboration among specialists and the allocation of resources. A structure can enhance delivery and unclear relationships can cause delays even if team members have the necessary skills.

Communication Channels

The structure defines the flow of information, up and

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Q.2. Explain the role of Parent, Adult, and Child ego states in developing effective interpersonal relationships at the workplace. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Transactional Analysis is a theory about communication involving parent, adult and child ego states. The ego state is not an age or role, but rather a way of thinking, feeling and behaving. By identifying these patterns, employees can become aware of the ways in which they are interacting with others and select their reactions in ways that promote positive relationships at work.

Parent Ego State

The Parent state is a reflection of learnt rules,

 

 

Q.3. Discuss the role of personality in employee performance, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Personality is the way that people think, feel, and act in a consistent manner. It affects employees’ performance in tasks, relationships and work demands. But, also skills, leadership, job design, rewards and organisational conditions are crucial to performance, satisfaction and commitment. Personality should thus be viewed as one factor of many.

Personality and Employee Performance

Conscientious

 

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Differentiate the Trait Theory and Behavioral Theory of leadership. How do they explain effective leadership? (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

There are two different explanations of effective leadership: Trait Theory and Behavioral Theory. Trait Theory focuses on what are the personal qualities of leaders and Behavioral Theory focuses on what leaders do. Whilst both help to explain leadership, neither give a full explanation without taking into account followers, tasks and organisational conditions.

Focus of Trait

 

 

Q.5. Examine the relationship between power, authority, and influence in organizational settings. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

How organisational decisions are made and how people get people to cooperate is explained by Power, Authority and Influence. Although related and different meanings. An employee with experience in a company may make decisions without having a high-level job, or a manager with formal authority may not have the cooperation of employees.

Meaning of Power

Power is the ability to influence others’ actions

 

Q.6. Compare human process and techno-structural interventions in terms of their objectives, approaches, and outcomes. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Organisational development interventions are interventions used to improve the functioning of the organisation. Human process interventions focus on relationships and interaction, and techno-structural interventions on work arrangements, technology and organisational design. They have both tried to make things more effective, but in different ways because they are having difficulty with different things and need change in different ways.

Objectives of Human Process

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	3
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2112 OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. What is Operations Management? Discuss its key decisions in managing goods and services operations. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Operations Management is planning, organising and controlling of activities that convert inputs into useful products or services. The elements that flow into a system are people, materials, equipment, information and money. The outputs can be manufactured products or services provided like transport and healthcare. The intent is to provide benefit by providing quality, capacity, delivery, and resource efficiency.

Managing Goods and Services

The production and selling

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Q.2. List the importance of operations strategy and explain the process of formulating an effective operations strategy. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Operations strategy is the set of decisions that emerge to create the operation capability that meets the business goals. It dictates the value of facilities, processes, people, technology and suppliers to the customer. An effective strategy is one that links the market requirements with what operations can provide reliably and economically.

Alignment and Competitive Priorities

Operations strategy is the link

 

 

Q.3. Elaborate the importance of forecasting in operations management and describe major qualitative and quantitative forecasting methods. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Forecasting: Making predictions based on data and assumptions. In operations management, it is used often with regards to demand, workload and resource requirements. Forecasts do not eliminate uncertainty, but they do offer a framework within which to plan. Their effectiveness relies upon techniques, information, and frequent monitoring of actual outcomes.

Importance for Capacity and Workforce

Forecasting demand helps to identify the production capacity, staffing and working hours needed. An expected increase in patient

 

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Justify how product volume and variety influence the choice of production processes. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Output production processes should correspond with the demand for the product and the variety of products. Volume refers to the quantity of units produced and variety involves differences in products, product specifications, and customer requirements. These factors affect equipment and operator skills, layout, scheduling, and product changeover costs.

Relationship between Volume and Variety

When volume is low, and variety

 

Q.5. Discuss the importance of production planning and aggregate planning strategies in managing production efficiently. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Production planning determines what will be produced, quantity of production, time of production and required resources. It connects demands with input materials, labour, equipment and capacity. This is done through the use of the medium term planning horizon of aggregate planning, rather than individual items, and by balancing demand and available resources.

Need for Production Planning

Planning assists with scaling down procurement, staffing, machine utilization, material inventories and delivery promise

Q.6. Explain the importance of facility location decisions and describe the factor rating method used for evaluating location alternatives. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Location decisions involve the choice of where a factory, warehouse, office or service centre can best be located. They commit, and are usually expensive to undo. An appropriate site will ensure reliable service, customer convenience and competitive cost; an inappropriate site will raise issues that can not easily be remedied through efficiency gains that can be achieved through day to day operations.

Importance of Location

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	III
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2113 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Explain the concept and objectives of HRM. Discuss its major functions and practices. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the strategic planning and direction of people to assist an organisation in meeting its goals. It includes information on employee recruitment, development, support, reward and retention. HRM understands that performance is influenced by the capability of the employee as well as the environment where the employees are required to work.

Concept of HRM

HRM is the linking of people related decisions

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Q.2. Discuss Human Resource Planning and its process. Discuss job analysis and job design. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Human Resource Planning is the process of forecasting the manpower needs and making provision for the necessary manpower and skills. Minimises skill gaps, surplus of skills and shortage in an organisation. With effective planning, you can tie business goals in with recruitment and training, deployment and succession.

Assessing Plans and Existing Resources

The first step is to gain an understanding of a business plan, anticipated workload, technology, and services required. HR then takes a look at the current employees based on the qualifications, experience, performance records and probable resignation. An organization, for instance, that is considering adding an additional production shift will have to determine if supervisors and properly trained machine operators are available.

Forecasting Demand and Supply

Demand forecasting involves prediction of the number and kind of employees needed. Workload analysis,

 

 

Q.3. Discuss Personnel Management and its development in India. Differentiate between Personnel Management and HRM. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Personnel Management involves management of employment-related activities including recruitment, compensation (salaries), employee records, employee welfare, employee discipline and Industrial Relations (employee relations). It helps to keep an employer employee relationship. Its development in India is a result of the changes in the industry, organisation of labour, role of government and importance of employees skills.

Early Welfare

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Explain recruitment and selection. Discuss the barriers in selection. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

The recruitment and selection processes are part of the process of having the right employees. Recruitment is the process that establishes the applicant pool and selection is the process that compares the applicants with the job requirements. These two processes have an impact on workforce quality, employee expectations and performance. They should be guided from the start with a clear role description.

Meaning and

 

 

Q.5. Describe induction and training. Discuss training needs and major training methods. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Induction and training assists staff to understand their work and to do it effectively. Induction is used to help people join a new organisation or position. Training is the creation of knowledge, skills, and behavior for specific activities. When combined, they eliminate unnecessary risk and uncertainty, and enable staff to work with increased confidence.

Meaning and Purpose of Induction

Induction is the

 

Q.6. Explain performance appraisal and wage administration. Identify major appraisal methods and wage fixation methods. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Performance appraisal and wage administration are significant aspects of managing employees. Appraisal – reviews work performance and development needs. Wage Administration sets and maintains fair pay plans. They need to have clear standards and consistent procedures: they determine fairness in the decisions and explanation.

Meaning of Performance Appraisal

Performance Appraisal is a structured evaluation of an employee’s work against agreed expectations within a specific time

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	3
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2114 MARKETING MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Critically evaluate the marketing concept and societal marketing concept by comparing their objectives, focus and implications. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Businesses must meet customer demands, and may impact communities and natural resources. The marketing concept and the societal marketing concept provide alternative ways of fulfilling this responsibility. The societal approach has an added element of concern for the long-term welfare of society in making marketing decisions, while both approaches acknowledge the needs of customers.

Marketing Concept Objectives

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Q.2. What is the role of marketing control in monitoring and improving the performance of marketing strategies? (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Marketing control is a function of comparing the results of the marketing efforts with the desired outcomes and making necessary adjustments. A strategy might look great when it starts, but might not work out that way in practice. Control links plans to results and assists management to make better decisions as conditions in the marketplace evolve.

How to set Objectives and Standards

The first step

 

 

Q.3. How does a brand progress through different stages of development? Explain. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

A brand is built over time, when buyers become familiar with the brand, understand its offering, and make experiences within the brand. Development is not only a growth in business, but involves a changing relationship with customers. The brand can transition from introduction to growth and maturity, and decline can occur if the relevance and trust diminish.

Research and Brand

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. How do channel members contribute to the effective distribution of products? Explain their functions. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Channel members refer to the organisations and individuals that assist the movement of the product from producers to the users. They comprise agents, wholesalers, distributors and retailers. They don’t just deliver. They link the product to the demand of the market and make products available in certain quantities

 

 

 

Q.5. Critically evaluate the different types of buying decisions like impulsive, routine response, limited decision making, and extensive decision making with examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Not all products require the same level of thinking when consumers are making a buying decision. Their decisions are based on Involvement, Familiarity, time, perceived risk and situation. Impulsive buying, routine response, limited decision making and extensive decision making provide explanations of important differences, and one consumer may engage in each of these on

 

 

Q.6. Examine how evolving marketing trends are driving changes in consumer behaviour and strategic business practices? (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Marketing trends are reshaping the way consumers are finding products, comparing options and buying as well as how they’re evaluating brands. Consumers’ expectations have grown, driven by digital access, personalised communication, social influence and a concern about responsibility. Businesses need to react by changing information, services and operations, and not accepting all of the promotion tools.

Digital Discovery

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	3
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2115 COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Explain the objectives and significance of Cost Accounting. How does it differ from Financial Accounting? (7+3 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Cost Accounting is a method of accounting for the costs of manufacturing products or delivering services. It assists managers in identifying resource utilization and determining if expenditures are warranted. It can be used to identify product, department and activity cost and aids in controlling operations and quality of business decisions.

Determining Cost

One of the simplest goals is to calculate

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Q.2. Explain the concept of Unit Costing. Discuss its components. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Unit costing is the process of finding out the cost of one unit, when the quantity produced is made up of identical or similar units. It can be used for cement, bricks, etc. that are part of common standardised output. Costs are accumulated over a period and associated with production and not separately allocated for each customer job.

The basic formula is:

Cost per unit = Total relevant

 

Q.3. Explain the procedure of Job Costing. How does a Job Cost Sheet help management in decision-making? (7+3 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Job Costing is the process used to calculate the cost of a job, order or contract that has been done based on customer requirements. It is ideal for printing, repair, custom furniture and the like. Because jobs vary, costs are aggregated for each job, and not averaged across all production over a period.

Identifying and Authorising the Job

It starts with the assessment of the

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Distinguish between Cost Accounting and Management Accounting. Explain the role of Management Accounting in managerial decision-making. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Both cost accounting and management accounting are for internal decision making, only the span of what is covered is different. In cost accounting, the focus is on measuring and controlling costs. Management accounting applies cost data, as well as other financial and nonfinancial data, to assist management in planning, assessing alternatives, and guiding the business.

Difference in

 

 

Q.5. Explain Standard Costing. Distinguish between Standard Cost and Estimated Cost. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Before production starts, businesses require cost benchmarks to evaluate actual performance. Standard costing provides such standards and looks into deviations from the standards. Also there are estimated costs, but these are (not) for another purpose. It is possible to get these two mixed up, which can weaken planning and performance evaluation.

Meaning of

 

 

Q.6. Discuss the concept of Cost–Volume–Profit (CVP) Analysis and examine its role in managerial decision-making. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Cost Volume Profit analysis is a study of the relationship between the selling price, volume of sales, variable cost and fixed cost. It enables management to determine the amount of activity they should have in order to meet costs and achieve a desired profit. The analysis is especially valuable for short term planning for a specified operating range.

Contribution and Profit

Contribution is the

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	3
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2116 INTERVIEW SKILLS AND ETIQUETTES

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Explain verbal and non-verbal communication. Discuss the uses of non-verbal communication in a business context with suitable examples. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Communication enables others to exchange information, communicate ideas, and manage tasks. Business communication is done with words and actions. Thus, verbal and nonverbal communication go hand in hand. There may be a problem if the speaker’s expression and tone conveys impatience or disbelief when given a clear explanation.

Verbal Communication

In verbal communication, words are used to communicate meaning. It covers both spoken communication (meetings, interviews, phone

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Q.2. Explain intrapersonal communication. Illustrate how self-motivation and positive self-talk help in building a positive impression. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Self-talk serves as a way to communicate with oneself when thinking, assessing experiences and making decisions and setting goals. This inner process affects their interactions with others. A person can establish confidence and make a positive impression by preparing and behaving responsibly, by intrapersonal communication, by self motivation and by positive self talk.

Meaning of Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal communication is

 

Q.3. Explain the role of effective decision-making and team-building skills in leadership. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Leadership is the act of influencing others to achieve a common objective, and being accountable for the outcome. Effective decision making and team building are two key skills of a good leader. Decisions give direction, teamwork makes that direction a coordinated action. A leader must have both skills as good plans are useless without the people.

Understanding Effective

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Describe the steps in planning, preparing, and delivering an oral presentation. Explain the role of visual aids. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Oral presentation is to convey ideas through spoken language to an audience. It hinges on knowing what you’re trying to achieve, creating appropriate materials, and presenting them effectively. Planning, preparation, delivery and visual supports should all be coordinated to help listeners trace the message and determine its real-world implications.

Planning the Purpose and Audience

Prior to

 

Q.5. Explain the types and main components of a resume. Prepare the key points for a job application letter. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

A Resume is a statement of a candidate’s qualifications, abilities, experience and accomplishments. It assists an employer to determine if a candidate is appropriate for a position and whether they should call them in for an interview. This is accompanied by a job application letter explaining the candidate’s interest and contribution to the field directly.

Chronological Resume

In chronological

 

 

 

 

Q.6. Describe the preparatory steps for a job interview. Explain the importance of professional and technology etiquette. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Job Interview is a chance for the employer and the candidate to determine whether the one is the right fit for the other. Candidates use preparation to be able to articulate their skills effectively and to ask good questions. Professional behaviour and technology etiquette also are important as it demonstrates respect, reliability and awareness of the working environment.

Researching the Employer and Role

Candidates should research

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	03
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2117 BUSINESS AND CORPORATE LAW

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. What is crossing of a cheque? Explain the different types of crossing and their significance. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

A cheque is often used to pay for things without having to carry cash. But with an open cheque, the holder can be at risk in case of loss or theft. Crossing is used for extra security because the payment is made through the banking system rather than as a regular payment over the counter.

Meaning of Crossing

Crossing is the process of drawing certain lines or words across the cheque to regulate the payment thereof.

 

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Q.2. Define a contract of sale and explain its essential elements under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

While it is common for companies to have business transactions involving the exchange of goods or merchandise, not all exchanges are necessarily legally considered sales. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 defines what is meant by a contract of sale. It also offers guidelines for the buyers and sellers relationship.

Meaning of Contract of

 

 

 

Q.3. Explain the rights and duties of an agent under the Indian Contract Act, 1872. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

An agent is a person who works for another person, or represents them in dealings with others. The person represented is the principal. The Indian Contract Act 1872 seeks to strike a balance between this relationship as it demands good conduct from the agents and provides their legitimate financial and professional interests.

Duty to Follow

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. Define a patent. Describe the procedure for obtaining a patent. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Patent is a legal privilege issued to an invention by the Patents Act 1970. It gives the holder of the patent the right to stop the particular unauthorised business activities of the patented invention in India. The applicant will, in turn, describe the invention in such a way that others will be able to understand its technical operation.

Patentability and Initial

Q.5. What is the Memorandum of Association? Explain its main clauses and distinguish it from the Articles of Association. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

A business should have a set of documents that outlines their purpose and the governing rules. They are carried out in the Memorandum of Association and the Articles of Association. Both documents direct the activities of the corporation, but vary in terms of content, legal standing, and the relationship of the members and external parties to the document.

Meaning and Main Clauses of

 

 

Q.6. What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Explain the provisions relating to CSR under the Companies Act, 2013 and discuss its importance for businesses. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Corporate Social Responsibility, also known as CSR, refers to the responsibility which a business has towards the society and environment. It links business resources to social development, and promotes responsible behaviours. In India, the CSR obligations are outlined in Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013, for companies that meet certain financial criteria.

Applicability of CSR

 

SESSION	JULY-AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	III
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2118 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

Q.1. Analyse the major components of the economic environment within which Indian businesses operate, explaining the significance of economic policies. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

The economic environment refers to those conditions that affect production, investment, employment and consumption. Indian businesses need to be aware of these conditions as they impact costs and demand by their customers. A business can be successful with a good product and thriving when borrowing rates are low; but, when they’re higher, or when households start to spend less, the company can suffer. These differences account for the fact that the same economic change might have very different impacts on firms.

Economy, Economic system and

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Q.2. Business organisations are influenced by several forces beyond their internal operations. Examine how social and cultural factors, the legal framework, political conditions, and the prevailing economic system affect business decisions and practices in India. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

The business decisions are subject to the surrounding society and institutions of an organisation. In India, customer expectations, cultural differences, government priorities and economic arrangements are a part of day to day operations. The managers need to be aware of these factors before choosing a product, markets, employment practices or investment plans.

Social Factors

Demand is determined by population

 

Q.3. Government intervention plays an important role in shaping the business environment. Discuss the different ways in which the government regulates, facilitates, promotes, participates in, and resolves issues related to business activities. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

The conditions of business start-up, operation, competition and growth are determined by the government. It does not just restrict, it offers something more. In India, the government also arranges infrastructure, helps out businesses, conducts business, and establishes a way to settle disputes. These functions are related to the economic development and public welfare.

Government as Regulator

Regulation sets norms for the proper

 

 

Assignment Set 2

 

Q.4. The economic reforms introduced in India in 1991 marked a significant transformation in the country’s business environment. Discuss the circumstances that led to the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP) 1991 and explain its major objectives. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

It was with the New Economic Policy of 1991 that the Indian economy was shifted from the current method to a new one. Previous policies were at the high end of the spectrum of industrial licensing, import restrictions, and public sector control. These measures promoted industrial growth but weaknesses were built up over the years. The economy was in serious trouble and drastic policy changes were required.

Balance of Payments Crisis

In 1991, India was in serious shortage of foreign exchange. Reserves were no longer adequate to cover comfortably

 

 

Q.5. Countries increasingly participate in regional and international economic arrangements to facilitate trade and economic cooperation. Explain the meaning and different stages of economic integration. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Economic integration is a process of removing barriers between economies, and increasing economic cooperation, of countries. It can include trade in goods and services, investment, movement of labor and policy coordination. Integration is a goal of countries to gain access to larger markets, increase efficiency, draw in investment, and enhance the overall economic standing of countries.

Preferential Trade

 

 

Q.6. Corporate Social Responsibility has become an important dimension of modern business management. Explain the concept and significance of CSR and discuss the responsibilities of businesses towards their various stakeholders. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the responsibility of a business towards its impact on the society and environment. It takes into account the interests of the stakeholders and the economic performance. CSR involves proper operating practices and planned social contributions. It should be a part of business decisions and not be an occasional charitable activity.

Concept and Significance

Businesses utilize natural resources, public infrastructure

 

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	IV
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2212 INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. Explain the concept, evolution, structure, functions and major services of commercial banks in India. Also discuss their role in the economic development and financial system of the country.

Ans 1.

Concept and Evolution of Commercial Banks

Banks which operate on a commercial level take money from people (deposits), give money to people (loans), and help people pay for things (payments). The main purpose of commercial banks is to help connect people and companies that need some type of help with their money, with a structured way of saving, borrowing and moving money. What commercial banks decide to do affects daily purchases, as well as the amount of money there is to be used for things that

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2. Discuss the concept, evolution, functions and importance of investment banking in India. How does investment banking differ from commercial banking, and what are the major challenges faced by investment banks in the present financial environment?

Ans 2.

Meaning and Evolution of Investment Banking

Investment banking assists companies, government agencies, and other entities in raising capital and making large-scale financial decisions. The functions of investment banking include providing advice about issuing securities; engaging in mergers and acquisitions; restructuring; and developing financing options. Investment banks generally charge fees for specialized services, as opposed to generating revenue primarily through collecting deposits from households and lending funds to individuals.

In India, the use of

 

3. a) Describe the concept, functions and regulatory framework of merchant banking in India. Highlight the role of merchant bankers in issue management.
   b) Examine the role of merchant bankers in capital market development and the importance of SEBI regulations in ensuring transparency, investor protection and professional conduct.

Ans 3.

Meaning and Functions of Merchant Banking

In India, merchant banking has been very much a part of the process of issuing securities. It is also involved in the process of raising capital and helping companies to manage their corporate finances. The merchant banker will assist the company to put together a deal, help them to comply with the disclosure requirements, and coordinate the various professionals that are working on the deal.

Functions include: Advising on the use of capital structure; Preparing issue documentation; Arranging underwriting (if appropriate); Coordinating marketing efforts; Supporting compliance. Other areas of

 

Assignment Set 2

 

4. Describe the concept and process of issue management in the primary capital market. Outline the various methods of issuing securities, pricing mechanisms, disclosure requirements, allotment procedures and regulatory safeguards involved in public and private securities issues in India.

Ans 4.

Meaning and Process of Issue Management

The process of issue management allows for the organization of the creation and distribution of securities on the primary capital market. The issue manager brings together the issuer who wants to raise money from the public and investors who may want to invest in the newly issued security. Issue management involves many different steps such as: planning, documenting, setting

 

5. Define the concept and various types of leasing as a source of finance. Identify the advantages and limitations of leasing and specify the factors and methods involved in determining lease rentals.

Ans 5.

Meaning and Types of Leasing

Leasing enables businesses to utilize a business’s owned assets (property) in exchange for agreed upon payments. The lessor is the owner of the asset and the lessee is the user. Leasing can enable a business to acquire access to machines, cars, or other types of equipment without having to pay for the entirety of the equipment at the time of purchase.

A finance lease transfers most of the risks and benefits related to having control over an asset, even though it may not

 

6. State the concept, scope and importance of housing finance in India. Trace its evolution and institutional and regulatory framework, classify the major types of housing loans, and state the factors influencing the choice between fixed and floating interest rates.

Ans 6.

Meaning and Importance of Housing Finance

The purpose of housing finance is to provide money for purchasing, building, improving, or repairing residential properties. This money can be in the form of loans provided to families, as well as providing funding for housing developments that are part of the larger housing system. Because the cost of buying a home is generally higher than the amount of money a family has saved at any given

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	IV
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2213 BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. What do you understand by research? Explain its meaning and further discuss various types of research designs.

Ans 1.

Meaning of Research

Research is a systematic enquiry that is conducted to understand a problem, answer a question or to create knowledge. It encompasses establishing the problem to be studied, gathering an appropriate set of evidence, analysing the evidence in detail, and reporting the results of the analysis. Business research can investigate customer attrition, customer satisfaction with a service, or employee reaction to a policy.

Effective research has

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2. Discuss various types of data. Further discuss the types of Primary data collection.

Ans 2.

Types of Data

Data are the observations and information that are used in research. Primary data are those gathered for the particular study, and secondary data have already been collected, e.g. census tables, company records, published reports etc. Qualitative data describe meaning or kinds of data, while Quantitative data are numbers. Data can also be sampled across a cross section or across multiple periods.

These classifications

 

3. Describe the relevance of the questionnaire and further discuss and explain various types of questions in it with their importance.

Ans 3.

Relevance of a Questionnaire

Questionnaire is a structured set of questions asked for the purpose of collecting information from respondents. Converts research problems into answers that can be understood by people. It can be a measure of satisfaction, buying habits, awareness or experiences with services in business studies.

The key to its use is consistency. By using similar questions, it will be easier to organise and analyse the responses. Designed questionnaire can be sent to a large number of people at a reasonable price

 

Assignment Set 2

 

4. Explain the concept of Editing. Discuss various types of editing.

Ans 4.

Meaning of Editing

Editing is the systematic review of the research data gathered prior to coding, analysis or reporting. It is used to detect omissions and unclear entries, inconsistent answers, and recording errors. It makes it easier to use and preserves the meaning of what the participants actually gave.

For instance, a questionnaire might show a respondent who has never used a product and then a record of a

 

5. Write a detailed note on Testing of Hypothesis. Discuss the various Steps in testing a hypothesis.

Ans 5.

Meaning of Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a method for evaluating a claim based on sample evidence. A hypothesis is a concise statement that is subject to data analysis. A business might be interested in comparing the average delivery time before and after implementing a new delivery process or in comparing customer satisfaction between two different service processes.

The null hypothesis (H0) is the position to be refuted, typically that there is no difference or no effect. The

 

6. Write a detailed note on the Research Report while mentioning the various components of the research report.

Ans 6.

Meaning and Purpose of a Research Report

A research report is an organized presentation of the purpose, methods, evidence and conclusions of a study. It enables readers to know what was investigated, how the evidence was gained, and what decisions the evidence can provide. An effective report should be understandable to one who did not participate in the study.

Depending on the audience its form is changed. An academic report will include a lot of literature and methodology, but a management report might start with findings and recommendations.

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	IV
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2214  SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. What is retailing? Explain the scope and Importance of Supply chain Management in retailing.

Ans 1.

Retailing consists of all the activities related to the sale of goods or services to the ultimate consumer for personal, non-business use. It is the final link in the distribution chain where the product first produced by the manufacturer finally comes in the hands of the ultimate consumer, either in a retail outlet or via internet.

Meaning of Retailing

Retailing is not only selling, it is all that a seller does to make the product available and attractive to the end user, including the selection of product to be sold, the price, the product display and the actual sale

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2. Explain the meaning of supply chain strategies. Also explain Retail Product Management and the different stages of the retail product lifecycle.

Ans 2.

The total plan for a retailer that is used to determine the sourcing, transportation, and storage of products, based on a cost/response trade-off, is called a supply chain strategy. A company that sells staples, with relatively stable demand, will typically have a completely different supply chain compared to a company that sells fashion, with rapidly changing demand.

Supply Chain Strategies

A lean or efficient

 

3. Explain the importance of retailer-supplier relationships. Describe the major supply chain issues in any two retail sectors and explain the role and responsibilities of a merchandiser.

Ans 3.

The type of relationship between a retailer and its suppliers is important in a retail supply chain, as a retailer will almost never construct what they sell and instead will rely on a chain of suppliers to get the business up and running.

Importance of Retailer-Supplier Relationships

By establishing a close relationship with suppliers, a retailer can enjoy more predictable delivery schedules, leverage pricing implications as a result of loyal order volume, and respond more rapidly to potential supply chain issues like late orders and quality control problems. If a supplier

 

Assignment Set 2

 

4. What is merchandise mix? Discuss the concept of “Space Management”. Also explain the meaning and objectives of visual merchandising.

Ans 4.

In the retail planning process there are three decisions that are close together: what products to carry, how much space to allocate to each product, and how to allocate the space to make sure shoppers notice and purchase the products.

Merchandise Mix

This is the total product mix that a retailer selects, in terms of width and depth. Store breadth is determined by the number of different product lines a retail outlet stocks, for example, a store that sells groceries,

 

5. Explain the concept of merchandise planning and discuss its major elements. Also explain category management and merchandise budgeting.

Ans 5.

Merchandise planning is a function that a retailer performs to determine a long time before the event occurs, what products, in what quantities and when, will be purchased, so that the right product can be available at the right time without too much money being invested in unsold stock.

Major Elements of Merchandise Planning

Firstly, sales forecasting, which involves predicting the amount of each product that is expected to be sold during a specific time frame, considering historical trends, seasonality, and market conditions. Next comes assortment planning because it is the process of determining which products

 

6. What is merchandise sourcing? Also explain retail replenishment, Direct Store Delivery (DSD) and the role of IT in retail distribution and replenishment.

Ans 6.

There is more than one way to get the right product onto a retail shelf: they have to buy it from someone, they must keep it in stock when it’s selling, and sometimes it’s a different way of getting it onto the shelf.

Merchandise Sourcing

Identifying, assessing and choosing which suppliers or manufacturers a retailer will purchase products from. This includes cost, quality, reliability of the suppliers, and even lead time, and whether it makes more sense for them to source locally for a faster turnaround and quality control, or

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	4TH
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2215 E-COMMERCE

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. Explain the history and evolution of the Internet, highlighting key technological milestones and their impact on business, communication, and society.

Ans 1.

The internet was not a complete project; it gradually developed over decades from a small government research project to the foundation of today’s business and everyday life.

Early Origins

The origins of the internet go back to 1969 when ARPANET, a computer network set up by the United States Department of Defense, enabled a few university and research computers to communicate with one another. The pivotal moment was when ARPANET switched to a new communications protocol in 1983 that enabled the reliable communication of data between networks, no matter

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2. Explain the role of CGI in web development and its importance in E-Commerce platforms.

Ans 2.

The initial websites were able to display merely fixed pages that appeared equivalent to everyone. CGI is one of the oldest widely-used protocols to enable a web server to dynamically serve content to the visitor, depending on the requested content or user input.

Meaning of CGI

CGI is a specification for a web server to direct a visitor’s request to an outside program, have that program perform some action and then return the result to the visitor as a Web page. The programs, which were known

 

3. Discuss various types of Business model in details.

Ans 3.

Business Model indicates who a business sells to and what value flows between the players within a business transaction. The terms typically refer to the parties involved in the exchange in ecommerce.

Business to Business (B2B)

B2B is a business-to-business transaction, which is a commercial transaction between two businesses. For example, a manufacturer that sells raw materials to a factory, a software company that sells software to other businesses to use in manufacturing, or a wholesaler that sells products to

 

Assignment Set 2

 

4. Describe in detail third party payment processing.

Ans 4.

Very few online businesses create their own technical and/or financial system to accept payments from customers’ cards or banks; instead, they use a third-party payment processor to do this for them.

Meaning of Third Party Payment Processing

A third party payment processor is an external service provider that acts as an intermediary between the

 

5. a. Explain the challenges faced by the traditional marketing.
   b. State the difference between Traditional Marketing and E-Marketing

Ans 5.

Challenges Faced by Traditional Marketing

The old school marketing that relied on things such as TV, print, radio and billboards was good for decades, but has definite limitations in today’s world.

Reach and Measurement

Unlike digital ads, where clicks and conversions can be measured, it’s hard to determine the number of

 

6. Write in details about the concept of EDI.

Ans 6.

EDI, which stands for Electronic Data Interchange, is the exchange of standard business documents (such as purchase orders, invoices and shipping notices) between the computer systems of two trading partners without the need for either party to print, mail, fax or manually retype the information on the other’s end.

How EDI Works

Document such as

 

SESSION	JULY-AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELORS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	IV
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2216  DESIGN THINKING

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. Explain the concept of Design Thinking, its evolution, core principles, and its benefits in innovation and problem-solving.

Ans 1.

Design thinking is an approach to problem-solving based on understanding the people affected by the problem. It combines user needs with what’s feasible for a company and its overall objectives. Instead of assuming their initial idea will work, design teams spend time exploring the problem, developing multiple potential solutions and then testing those solutions with users. This testing process allows the team to learn about the effectiveness of each alternative and ultimately produce a final solution that meets the specific requirements of users in the real-world

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2. Discuss the key elements of a Design Thinking mindset—curiosity, empathy, and collaboration. How does the Empathize stage help in understanding users and their needs?

Ans 2.

The Design Thinking mindset influences the team’s response to uncertainty, and their understanding of others. With curiosity, empathy, and collaboration, the team will continue to learn, as opposed to defending their initial assumptions. This is true throughout the entire process; however, it is particularly true while conducting research on the user experience. Both the questions asked

 

3. Explain how data analysis techniques can be used to identify patterns, trends, and user needs. Illustrate their importance in the Design Thinking process with suitable examples.

Ans 3.

Data analysis is used by the Design Thinking team to convert research data into a better knowledge of user needs. Research methods include interviews, observational studies, survey results and service records which provide a great deal of information. However, the information provides value only when the team can relate different types of information and explain how those relationships affect the design challenge. Therefore, research becomes a foundation for action as opposed to an assemblage of views.

Organising and Preparing Data

The initial step in this process will be to organize all of the collected data. In order to do so, you may want to

Assignment Set 2

 

4. Explain the Define stage of Design Thinking. How can research findings be analyzed to formulate a clear and actionable problem statement? Also discuss the role of “How Might We” (HMW) questions in framing design opportunities.

Ans 4.

The Define stage and analysis of findings

The Define phase takes information from user research to create a specific problem statement for your team to work on. It links user experiences with their needs. A good definition provides guidance while allowing for exploration of different options before making a decision on how to solve the problem.

The process of analysis begins with a review of interview notes, observation logs, etc., as well as the identification of key experiences that have taken place during the process, and the grouping together of similar

 

5. Discuss the Ideate stage of Design Thinking. Explain individual brainstorming, group brainstorming, and the SCAMPER method as techniques for generating creative solutions.

Ans 5.

The Ideate stage

At this stage, you are generating ideas for potential ways to address the problem you have defined based on your research. This stage will help you look at a variety of options for how to go about developing something. Your team should start by defining the problem you want to solve, or ask a “How Might We…” question, which will allow for creative thinking while still remaining user centered.

Ideation is based on divergent and convergent thinking. Divergent thinking allows for many possible solutions, including unique ones. Convergent thinking evaluates each solution and determines which one

 

6. Explain the purpose and benefits of prototyping in Design Thinking. Discuss paper prototyping, cardboard prototyping, and digital wireframing, and explain how testing and user feedback help improve a proposed solution.

Ans 6.

Purpose and benefits of prototyping

Prototyping is about making a basic version of your concept available for others to examine and assess. Your prototype could illustrate the form factor of a product, the flow of interactions within a service, or the progression of screens within an app. Your prototype doesn’t have to include all of the features of the complete solution.

The primary goal of the prototype is education. Prototypes provide teams with the ability to see what they have suggested in

 

SESSION	JULY-AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	IV
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2217 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. Discuss the various types of renewable energy sources. How can their use benefit the environment?

Ans 1.

An energy source which comes from natural sources that replenish themselves on human time scales. Alternative sources of energy include sunlight, wind, running water, organic matter, and heat from the earth. The uses and environmental aspects of each source are different.

Types of renewable energy

Electricity and heat created by the sun’s energy. Photovoltaics are panels that generate electric power from the sun and solar thermal systems use sunlight to make hot water or heat for other uses. Rooftop panels

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2. Differentiate between in-situ and ex-situ conservation with suitable examples. How do these approaches complement each other in conserving biodiversity?

Ans 2.

In-situ Conservation

In-situ conservation is the conservation of species in their natural habitats, including the interactions and conditions that they depend on. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and community managed habitats are important examples.

For example, the conservation of one-horned rhino in Kaziranga National Park also conserves its habitat—the grassland and wet land. Protecting a forest also protects pollinators, soil, food chains, and water control.

In this way it is possible to let

 

3. Comment on following:
   (i) Global warming-causes and mechanism
   (ii)Acid rain-causes and effects on environment and human life

Ans 3.

(i) Global Warming Causes and Mechanism

Global Warming is the increase in the average surface temperature of the earth over a long period of time. The recent warming is primarily attributed to the rise in greenhouse gases due to human activities. These gases alter the balance between the energy received by the planet from the Sun and the energy emitted by the planet.

CO₂ is emitted from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Deforestation will result in releases of stored carbon and lower the capacity for vegetation to take up carbon dioxide. Methane is emitted

Assignment Set 2

 

4. Explain the different patterns of population growth with suitable examples. How does population growth affect environmental sustainability?

Ans 4.

Patterns of population growth

Population growth is an increase or decrease in the number of individuals over a period of time. Increase in population size is caused by births and immigration, and decrease in population size is caused by deaths and emigration. These processes are involved in the growth patterns, along with

 

5. Explain disaster management, describing, types of disasters and four aspects of disaster management.

Ans 5.

Disaster management refers to the systematic approach to the understanding, mitigation of potential damage, readiness for disasters, response and assistance during the disaster, and recovery. It includes (voluntary organisations, health services, businesses, communities and government agencies). It is meant for the safeguard of life, livelihoods, property and environment.

A hazard is a disaster

 

6. Describe the major environmental laws in India and explain their role in preventing environmental degradation and protecting natural resources.

Ans 6.

Pollution Control, Conservation of Ecosystems and Accountability of individuals/organisations for environmental damage. Legislation is in place for specific resources and risks and for coordinated protection. They are effective when they are implemented, monitored, and with public participation and access to remedies.

Pollution control laws

The Water (Prevention) and Control of Pollution Act, 1974 is to prevent and control water pollution and to maintain or

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	4
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB2218  TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

 

1. Explain the meaning of technology and mention any two of its components

Ans 1.

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, tools and methods to solve practical problems, whether to make something or to provide a service, or just to do something quicker and more reliably. This isn’t just about the machines and software, it’s about the know-how and the way work is organised around the machines, and that understanding is important, because when businesses think of the solution to their problems, they often think of buying new equipment. The equipment is not the only thing that comes to mind when people think of new technology; there are

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2. Apply the significant impacts of technology on society with suitable example

Ans 2.

Technology not only alters business practices; it also transforms how people interact, work, learn, and use basic services, usually within a generation. A few of the areas where this impact is the most noticeable would give a glimpse into why technology has been considered as the main force of today’s society instead of just a mechanism that is used within offices and factories.

Communication

With the smart phone and Internet, people can now communicate immediately, regardless of distance, which would have

 

3. Analyse how technology influences competition through cost leadership and product differentiation

Ans 3.

In general, companies can compete through one of two paths: they can provide customers with a lower-priced product than the competition, or they can provide a different product that the competition cannot offer—or fails to offer—to customers, and customers will pay more for it. The use of technology is key to both strategies; and how it is used can ultimately determine which course a company takes and how much protection it then enjoys over time, because it is generally more difficult to duplicate a solid technological edge than a single marketing initiative.

Technology and Cost

 

Assignment Set 2

 

4. Discuss the key elements of an effective technology strategy and their contribution to organisational performance

Ans 4.

Technology strategy is the pathway that a company takes to determine which technologies to invest in, how to get them, and how to use them to help achieve the company’s overall business objectives—not just simply because they are available or in vogue at the moment.

Alignment with Business Goals

A good technology plan

 

5. Discuss how firms can gain a competitive advantage through effective technology adoption and absorption

Ans 5.

It is not just the act of acquiring new technology that provides a firm with an edge over its competitors, but rather the speed of its technology acquisition that it adopts and has a need for and the extent to which it absorbs and applies the technology once it is acquired.

Technology Adoption

Adoption is the decision to make a new technology available in the organisation and to start using it – here timing is

 

6. Analyse the key issues that hinder effective technology transfer in developing economies and suggest remedies

Ans 6.

Real obstacles often arise when the economy that receives technology does not have the resources, infrastructure or institutions necessary to utilize fully what it receives.

Financial and Infrastructure Limitations

New technology is expensive, and many companies and research institutions in developing economies would not have sufficient capital to invest in new technology themselves; electricity supply is not reliable, internet connection is weak and the transport network is insufficient to run new technology. When a factory invests in modern equipment, it could turn out that the machine can’t

 

 

SESSION	JULY AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB3201 CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

Q.1. Define Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and discuss its importance in establishing long-term customer relationships. Explain the economic dimensions of CRM.

Ans 1.

CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is a way to learn about customers and organize tasks to develop and keep strong customer relationships. CRM uses strategy, people, processes, and data. Software helps support all of these functions.

Importance of Long Term Relationships

CRM provides the organization of pertinent data throughout all aspects of sales, marketing, and service. The same unresolved problem does not require a customer to repeat himself each time he/she has an interaction with a new representative. Trust can be built upon the consistency of following-up with

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Q.2. Explain the process of adopting and implementing CRM. Discuss the various stages involved in the CRM cycle.

Ans 2.

Defining what a customer service strategy means to your organization and aligning people, processes, and data to support the strategy is the first step in implementing a CRM system. This process of identifying, managing, improving, and recovering customer relationships is part of a continuous cycle that is supported by a CRM implementation.

Adoption and Preparation

The first step for management is to determine what the problem(s) with the customer are, as well as set measurable goals. Goals

 

Q.3. Discuss the significance of CRM in the BFSI sector (Banking, Insurance, Small Finance, and Loans). Explain the major components of CRM in BFSI with suitable examples.

Ans 3.

CRM is essential for banking, insurance, small finance, and lending since customer relationships are usually ongoing rather than just a one-time occurrence. Customers require correct information, reliable services, and support during the key times of their financial lives. When a customer has a negative experience with a payment, claim, or loan, it may damage trust.

Significance in Financial Services

CRM allows organizations to learn

 

Assignment Set 2

Q.4. Explain the role of interactive technologies in Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Discuss the various categories of CRM technologies and the product solutions available in the CRM marketplace.

Ans 4.

CRM can become much more responsive through the use of interactive technologies. For example, by connecting to accurate customer records, web sites, mobile apps, messaging, live chat, and contact centers provide a means for customers and organizations to communicate with each other. These tools are

 

Q.5. Discuss the significance of adopting a relationship-oriented approach to CRM. Explain how customer-focused marketing contributes to the development of sustainable business processes.

Ans 5.

The relationship-oriented method is based on a process of building relationships with customers and providing value throughout those relationships. A relationship-oriented approach to CRM measures success based upon the customer’s overall experience with the company, rather than just the immediate sale. This view provides companies an opportunity to align their marketing

 

Q.6. Examine the role of customer retention in CRM. Discuss how organizations can learn from customer loss and evaluate the effectiveness of their customer retention strategies.

Ans 6.

Customer retention is about building long-term relationships with your current customer base. When you have repeat business from your customers, you are able to generate additional revenue and lower the cost of finding new customers to replace those who leave. Retention must be based upon providing valuable services to your customers and giving them options to stay or go; however, retention

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	5TH
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB3202 DIGITAL MARKETING

 

 

Assignment Set 1

Q.1. Explain the concept of E Product in details.

Ans 1.

Meaning of E Product

An e product is any product or service designed, marketed, sold and/or delivered predominantly via digital or electronic channels, versus traditional physical retail channels. This encompasses completely digital products (like software, e-books, and online courses) as well as items such as physical goods that are promoted and sold online but physically delivered to the customer.

E Products types

Generally, e products can be categorized into digital and physical e products. Fully digital products are those that are distributed entirely in digital format, most of which are available instantly after purchase and require

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Q.2. Describe the different types of digital ecosystem

Ans 2.

Meaning of Digital Ecosystem

The digital ecosystem is a network of organisations, platforms, technologies and users that are linked, connected and interdependent, and that generate and share value, frequently via shared digital infrastructure. An ecosystem is a group of players that are dependent on each other, and whose collective actions generate something that is greater than the sum of its parts, unlike a single digital product.

Platform Based

 

Q.3. Discuss the social media model by McKinsey.

Ans 3.

Background of the McKinsey Social Media Model

McKinsey has created a systematic approach to social media that a business can use to understand and manage its social media systematically and not in an ad hoc or reactive way. The model identifies the stages of social media strategy in a clear and sequential order and enables organisations to map their own place on the continuum and then plan a progression to more effective use of social media.

Monitoring Stage

The first step of the model is monitoring, when a business is merely a listener to the conversations happening around

 

Assignment Set 2

Q.4. Explain the key elements of brand consumer centricity

Ans 4.

Brand Consumer Centricity means to build the brand by putting the customer at the centre of its development.

Brand consumer centricity is a way of running a business that puts the customer and their needs, wants and experience as the focal point for all decisions, instead of the product or internal convenience. This change in attitude sees the customer relationship as the main asset that a brand needs to constantly develop.

Deep Customer Understanding

A consumer centric brand puts in a massive effort to understand their consumers, rather than merely demographic

 

Q.5. Write the concept of E Procurement in details.

Ans 5.

Meaning of E Procurement

E procurement is the purchasing of goods or services for a business through electronic platforms or internet based systems, as opposed to conventional paper based purchasing methods of purchase order, phone call or physical catalogues. It encompasses the whole purchasing process from the need to the selection of suppliers, ordering and payment, and the whole process takes place electronically.

Key Features of E Procurement

E procurement usually comprises of a

 

Q.6. Explain why businesses should use content management.

Ans 6.

Meaning of Content Management

Content management is the practice of creating, organizing, storing, and publishing digital content, such as website pages, articles, images, and videos, using a specialized content management system that enables numerous team members to work together without an in-depth understanding of technical coding. This system serves as a central hub for handling all of a company’s electronic content in an efficient manner, from a single location.

The Need for Efficient

 

SESSION	JUL – AUG 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB3211 TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

Q.1. Analyse how Reliance Jio used technology management (process vs product technology and technology evolution) to disrupt the Indian telecom sector. Discuss its business and societal impact.

Ans 1.

Background of the Jio Disruption

Reliance Jio launched into the Indian telecom industry during a time when data was prohibitively expensive, and most people could not afford to use it. However, rather than compete with other companies in the industry using similar strategies, Reliance Jio decided to focus its whole strategy on technology management. This included launching a brand new product and developing a completely different process behind       that product, enabling them to significantly transform the telecom landscape in

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Q.2. Examine the technology forecasting, assessment, and R&D management challenges faced by Indian vaccine makers (e.g., Bharat Biotech) during COVID-19. Suggest how better technology assessment could have reduced risks.

Ans 2.

Context of Vaccine Development During COVID-19

Bharat Biotech and other Indian vaccine manufacturers were forced to shrink their typical year-long process of developing and evaluating vaccines into mere weeks due to the emergence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The rapid pace at which these decisions needed to be made regarding a completely unknown virus created significant issues for technology forecasting, technology assessment, and overall R&D management.

Technology Forecasting Challenges

The term “technology forecasting”

 

Q.3. Evaluate Tata Motors’ technology strategy and absorption approach in the EV journey (e.g., Nexon EV). Propose how it should manage the technology life cycle and S-curve for sustained advantage.

Ans 3.

Tata Motors Technology Strategy in the EV Journey

Tata Motors chose a phased, “learn-as-you-go” method for EV development, instead of making a dramatic leap forward by creating completely unproven EV architectures. The Nexon EV was created using a modified form of an already existing gasoline-powered vehicle platform. This allowed Tata Motors to get into the rapidly growing EV segment as fast as possible, while also avoiding the costly and risky

 

Assignment Set 2

Q.4. Critically analyse the Maruti–Suzuki technology transfer success using transfer models, modes, and dimensions. What lessons does it offer for current Indian technology-transfer deals?

Ans 4.

Background of the Maruti-Suzuki Technology Transfer

The joint venture established by Maruti and Suzuki during the 1980s is an excellent example of technology transfer from Japan to India. This joint venture converted a poorly performing state-owned company into a market leading car producer through the process of transferring Japanese production techniques, product design, and quality control systems to the Indian environment.

Technology Transfer Model Used

The transfer used a joint venture format with Suzuki owning some of the equity as well as the Indian Government

Q.5. Discuss the human, organisational, and industrial-relations challenges of AI/RPA adoption in Indian IT and banking firms. Recommend measures for smooth integration of people and technology.

Ans 5.

Background of AI and RPA Adoption

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic process automation (RPA) by Indian information technology (IT) companies and banking institutions has grown in recent years. AI and RPA are used to perform repetitive tasks, including data entry, transaction processing, and handling basic customer queries. Although the use of AI/RPA will provide some level of productivity improvement for organizations using them, they will also create major issues related to human resources,

 

Q.6. Design an action plan for an Indian tech firm to cross Moore’s marketing chasm while selecting and implementing AI-based knowledge-management tools. Integrate innovation and knowledge-management concepts.

Ans 6.

Understanding Moore’s Marketing Chasm

The “chasm” as described by Moore refers to the division between those early adopters of a new technology (those that were drawn to innovation) and the early majority (those who require proven, practical solutions with a history of reliability prior to making a commitment). This is exactly where many of the most promising technologies fall short; the strategies used to attract the excited

 

SESSION	JULY AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB3212 MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SKILLS

 

 

Assignment Set 1

Q.1. Analyse the planning and organising functions of management. Explain how different types of plans and organisational structures can be used to achieve organisational objectives effectively

Ans 1.

Planning is the process of determining the goals an organization wants to reach and how it will get there. Organising is setting up of people, activities and resources for implementing those decisions. They are linked because plans must have actionable responsibilities, and structures must have goals that are clear.

Proper Planning and Organisational Objectives

Planning starts with knowing what is going on and establishing goals. Managers consider the options, evaluate the

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Q.2. Analyse the role of self-awareness in developing emotional intelligence and personal effectiveness. Explain how the Johari Window and self-reflection can help an individual identify areas for personal and professional development.

Ans 2.

Self awareness involves knowing what emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values and typical reactions you have. Helps with emotional intelligence, as individuals can respond more appropriately if they learn what is triggering their emotions. Behavioural changes are more likely to occur when there is awareness of the need for them.

Applying Self-

 

Q.3. A manager is unable to complete important tasks because of frequent interruptions, multitasking and poor prioritisation. Apply appropriate time-management techniques such as the Eisenhower Matrix, time blocking and the Pomodoro Technique to develop an effective time-management plan.

Ans 3.

The manager must have a strategy that safeguards critical work and ensures that only legitimate emergencies are overwhelming. It seems like there is a priority and working habits issue if there are frequent interruptions and multitasking. First, log tasks and interruptions over a series of days to find lost time.

Set Priorities with the Eisenhower Matrix

The manager should prioritize by urgency and importance. Urgent and important tasks are ones that need to be acted

 

Assignment Set 2

Q.4. Evaluate the suitability of autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, transformational, transactional, situational and servant leadership styles in different organisational situations. Support your answer with suitable examples.

Ans 4.

Choices of leadership style should be appropriate to the task, the individuals, and the consequences of a wrong decision. A single style may not be enough in all circumstances and can lower performance. Managers should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each style.

Autocratic Leadership

An autocratic leader is one who involves few people in decision making. This can be appropriate for an

 

Q.5. Explain the concept of win-win negotiation. Discuss any four principles of effective negotiation with suitable examples.

Ans 5.

Win win negotiation is an approach to agreement that looks toward the important interests of both parties. Seeks to add value instead of believing that someone has to lose for someone else to gain. It does not mean that you have to say yes to all that is asked of you or that you have to split differences in half.

Meaning and Purpose

The parties trade off

 

Q.6. You have been asked to deliver a professional presentation to introduce a new organisational initiative. Design a presentation plan covering the selection of the topic, purpose and audience, information gathering, organisation of content, and methods for engaging the audience.

Ans 6.

The desired session would include a digital employee helpdesk for commonplace employee needs. It would impact multiple departments. The presentation would involve explaining the problem to be solved, showing them the process that would be used, and seeking practical input prior to a limited pilot.

Purpose and Audience of the Topic

The topic will be narrowed

 

SESSION	JULY AUGUST 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER	VI
COURSE CODE & NAME	DBB3213 ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

 

 

Assignment Set 1

Q.1. Explain the concept of globalization and international trade. Discuss the major challenges faced by businesses while operating in the international financial environment. Also explain how emerging trends in global trade are changing the way businesses operate across countries.

Ans 1.

Globalization and International Trade

Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of national economies in terms of trade, investment, technology and flow of information. International trade involves the exchange of the goods and services across national boundaries. It is a key component of globalization, which can mean broader financial and production ties.

Trade enables countries to sell goods they have a comparative advantage in and buy goods that are produced more

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Q.2. Explain the role of foreign exchange markets in international trade. How are national currencies exchanged and traded in these markets? Discuss the importance of exchange rates for businesses engaged in international trade and explain the major factors that can influence currency values.

Ans 2.

Role of foreign exchange markets

Foreign exchange markets are the places where exchange of one currency with another currency takes place. They bring together banks, businesses, investors, governments and others. The majority of trading is done via electronic networks and directly with dealers and not at one exchange.

International trade is

 

Q.3. Explain the various modes of financing international trade. Discuss the concept of cash-in-advance and other important market instruments used for financing international trade. Also explain the factors that a business should consider while selecting an appropriate mode of trade financing.

Ans 3.

Sources of financing international trade

International trade financing encompasses facilities which make it possible to finance production and delivery, overcome payment deferrals and lower the risk of non-payment. Payment methods influence the time of payment by the buyer and financing facilities offer the liquidity required in the trade cycle. Both are commonly used in businesses.

Banks can offer export working capital or packing credit to buy materials and process goods and making shipmen

 

Assignment Set 2

Q.4. Explain the objectives and major functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Discuss its role in maintaining international monetary stability, exchange rates, and international payments. Also explain Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and discuss some of the contemporary challenges faced by the IMF.

Ans 4.

The goals of the IMF

International Monetary Fund’s mission is to foster international monetary cooperation and a stable international monetary system. Its goals are to foster a balanced development of trade, promote exchange stability and assist members in solving the balance of payments issues. It also aims to facilitate multilateral payments system and to minimize exchange restrictions which

 

Q.5. Explain the journey from GATT to WTO. Why was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade introduced, and what led to the establishment of the World Trade Organization? Discuss the major objectives and role of the WTO in promoting and regulating international trade.

Ans 5.

Introduction of GATT

In 1947, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed and came into force in 1948. Following the Second World War, nations desired to re-establish economic relations without harming interwar protectionism.

GATT allowed for an agenda of tariff reductions and curtailment of discriminatory trade practices. The most favoured nation principle generally mandated that a trade advantage given to one trading partner be granted to all contracting parties, except for recognized exceptions, to the

 

Q.6. The Global Financial Crisis of 2007–08 led to significant changes in financial regulation across the world. Explain the major lessons from the crisis and discuss the important regulatory measures introduced subsequently. Also explain the role of international financial institutions in global financial regulation.

Ans 6.

Big takeaways from the crisis

The Global Financial Crisis started with severe issues in the mortgage sector and diffused in the interconnected financial markets. Risk accumulated due to lax lending standards, excessive borrowing and the creation of complex securities. When confidence declined, institutions engaged in short-term financing were under pressure.

The lesson learned was that it is important to have the appropriate knowledge and oversight of financial innovation. Securitisation of loans was not a way of getting rid of risk in the financial system. Sometimes