SESSION | APRIL2025 |
PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
SEMESTER | 2 |
COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA1206 BASIC STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY |
Set – I
Q1a. Define statistics and discuss its scope across different fields with examples.
- Explain the process and importance of data classification, including the distinction between attributes and variables.
- Describe the concept and advantages of frequency distribution in summarizing large datasets
Ans 1.
a. Statistics and Its Scope Across Fields
Statistics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It serves as an essential tool for drawing meaningful conclusions from data and plays a crucial role in decision-making under uncertainty. By transforming raw figures into useful information, statistics help individuals and organizations make informed decisions.
The scope of statistics is vast and covers numerous fields. In business, it is used for sales forecasting, customer behavior
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Q2a. What is central tendency? Explain its purpose and the characteristics of a good measure.
- Illustrate the calculation of median and mode for grouped and ungrouped data with suitable examples
- Differentiate between arithmetic mean and weighted mean, and discuss their applications.
Ans 2.
- Central Tendency: Purpose and Characteristics
Central tendency refers to the statistical measure that identifies a single value as representative of an entire dataset. Its purpose is to provide a central or typical value around which the data points are distributed. Common measures of central tendency include the mean, median, and mode. Each of these measures helps summarize the dataset with a single figure, making it easier to compare and interpret data.
A good measure of central tendency
Q3a. What is dispersion? Discuss its significance and the difference between absolute and relative measures.
- Explain how to calculate range, variance, and standard deviation using an example each.
- Describe one practical scenario each where standard deviation and relative variance are important in decision-making.
Ans 3.
- Dispersion: Meaning, Significance, and Types
Dispersion refers to the extent to which data values in a dataset differ from the average (mean) or from each other. It measures the spread or variability of the data. If the data values are closely packed around the mean, dispersion is low, and if they are widely spread out, dispersion is high. Understanding dispersion is essential because averages alone do not reveal how much variability exists in
Set – II
Q4a. Define the classical, empirical, and subjective approaches to probability. Explain their significance in analyzing uncertainty.
- What is a sample space? Distinguish between finite, infinite, discrete, and continuous sample spaces with examples.
- Define an event and discuss its role in probability theory, using a real-life situation.
Ans 4.
- Classical, Empirical, and Subjective Probability
Classical probability is based on logical reasoning where each outcome is equally likely. For example, the probability of getting a head in a fair coin toss is 1/2. This approach is used in games of chance like dice or cards where outcomes are known and symmetrical.
Empirical probability is derived from observed data or experiments. It is calculated as the number of times an event occurs divided by the total number of trials. For example, if it rained on 15 out of 30 days, the
Q5a. Differentiate deterministic, non-deterministic, and hybrid experiments with examples. How are these experiments used in probability analysis?
- Explain the concept of expected value (EV). How is EV used in evaluating decision-making scenarios? Provide an example.
- What are equally likely and exhaustive events? Illustrate how they influence probability calculations.
Ans 5.
- Deterministic, Non-Deterministic, and Hybrid Experiments in Probability
A deterministic experiment is one in which the outcome is certain and can be predicted with full accuracy. There is no element of chance involved. For example, calculating the sum of two numbers like 3 + 5
Q6a. Explain the addition rule of probability. Differentiate mutually exclusive and non-mutually exclusive events with examples.
- Describe the multiplication rule of probability with examples of independent and dependent events.
- How are Bayes’ Theorem and conditional probability applied in practical decision-making problems?
Ans 6.
- Addition Rule and Differentiation of Events
The addition rule of probability is used to calculate the probability of the occurrence of at least one of two events. For two events A and B, the general addition rule is:
P(A or B)
SESSION | FEB-MARCH 2025 |
PROGRAM | BACHELORS OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
SEMESTER | II |
COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA 1207 DATA STRUCTURES |
Set-I
Q1. What do you understand by Algorithm Complexity? Discuss Time and Space Complexity in detail by taking suitable examples
Ans 1.
Algorithm Complexity
Algorithm complexity refers to the measure of the amount of computational resources that an algorithm uses during its execution. These resources are primarily time and space. Complexity analysis helps us to predict how an algorithm will perform when the size of the input increases. It is essential to compare algorithms and choose the most efficient one for a given problem.
Time Complexity and Its Significance
Time complexity refers to the amount of
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Q2. Write an algorithm to find a particular number in an array and replace it with some other value.
Ans 2.
Algorithm to Find and Replace an Element in an Array
Understanding the Problem
In many real-world applications, we often need to search for a particular element in an array and update or replace it with a new value. This is a basic but important operation in array manipulation. The process involves two key steps: searching and replacement. We must scan the array, identify the element to be replaced, and
Q3. Explain the working of a Queue data structure. What are its applications in real-world scenarios?
Ans 3.
Introduction to Queue Data Structure
A Queue is a linear data structure that follows the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) principle. In a queue, the element inserted first is the one to be removed first. It is similar to a real-world queue, such as a line at a ticket counter, where the first person in the line is served first. A queue supports two primary operations: enqueue, which adds an element at the rear, and dequeue, which removes an element from the front.
Working Mechanism
Set-II
Q4. What is a linked list and its types? Discuss the benefits of using them over array in detail.
Ans 4.
Linked List and Its Types with Advantages Over Arrays
Linked List
A Linked List is a dynamic data structure used to store a collection of elements, where each element, called a node, contains two parts: data and a pointer (or reference) to the next node in the sequence. Unlike arrays, linked lists do not store elements in contiguous memory locations. This dynamic behavior allows flexible memory usage, making linked lists suitable for applications requiring frequent
Q5. What is a doubly circular queue? Write an algorithm to display the contents of the circular queue.
Ans 5.
Doubly Circular Queue and Algorithm to Display Contents
Doubly Circular Queue
A doubly circular queue is a special type of queue that combines features of both a doubly linked list and a circular queue. In this structure, each node contains three fields: data, a pointer to the next node, and a pointer to the previous node. Unlike a regular doubly linked list, the last node’s next pointer points to the first node, and the first node’s previous pointer points to the last node, forming a closed circular loop. This allows traversal in both forward and backward directions without reaching a null pointer, making it highly efficient for applications requiring constant navigation
Q6. Write an algorithm for Merge Sort and explain its divide-and-conquer approach. 10
Ans 6.
Merge Sort Algorithm and Its Divide-and-Conquer Approach
Merge Sort
Merge Sort is a popular and efficient sorting algorithm that follows the divide-and-conquer paradigm. It works by dividing the input array into smaller sub-arrays, sorting each sub-array recursively, and then merging the sorted sub-arrays to produce the final sorted array. It is known for its stable sorting and
SESSION | APR 2025 |
PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
SEMESTER | II |
COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA1208 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM |
Set-I
Q1. A. Classify the types of Database system.
- Differentiate between Entity Integrity vs. Referential Integrity.
Ans 1.
Classification of Database Systems
Database systems can be classified based on various criteria such as data models, number of users, location, and usage. One common classification is based on data models, which include relational, hierarchical, network, object-oriented, and document-oriented databases.
Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) are the most widely used, where data is organized in tables (relations) and can be accessed using SQL. Examples include MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL. Hierarchical
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Q2. What do you mean by Keys? What are the different types of Keys? Explain with an example.
Ans 2.
Meaning and Types of Keys in DBMS with Example
Keys in Database Systems
In the context of database systems, keys are crucial elements that help in uniquely identifying records in a table and establishing relationships between tables. A key is one or more attributes (columns) that can be used to retrieve data efficiently and accurately. They ensure data integrity and minimize redundancy in relational databases.
Keys not only help enforce
Q3. Define an Entity-Relationship Model. List the Components of the ER Diagram.
Ans 3.
Entity-Relationship Model
The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is a conceptual framework used to describe the structure of a database in terms of entities, their attributes, and the relationships between those entities. Developed by Peter Chen in 1976, the ER model is essential during the database design phase because it provides a high-level view of how data is connected and organized. This model simplifies the process of understanding and modeling real-world data requirements by representing them graphically using
Set-II
Q4. Explain the concept of functional dependencies in the context of normalization. How do functional dependencies influence the normalization process? Provide examples.
Ans 4.
Functional Dependencies and Their Role in Normalization
A functional dependency (FD) is a fundamental concept in relational database theory that expresses a relationship between two attributes (or sets of attributes) in a relation. It states that the value of one attribute (or group of attributes) determines the value of another attribute. This concept is crucial in the process of normalization, which aims to eliminate data redundancy and ensure data integrit
Q5. Consider the Relation Student and write the SQL Queries for the following
a.Find the name of the students whose name end with ‘n’.
b.Write a query to display the record of the students who belongs to BCA103.
c.Display the record of the students in increasing order of marks
d.Write a query to change the student’s name from Diksha to Deepak.
e.Delete the record of the student whose student id is 107.
Ans 5.
Structured Query Language, commonly known as SQL, is a standard language used to interact with relational databases. It allows users to perform a variety of operations such as inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data stored in tables. In the context of the Student table provided, SQL queries help in extracting specific information, updating records, sorting data, and managing entries efficiently.
To find student names ending with a particular character, the SQL LIKE operator is used with a pattern-matching
Q6. A. What do you mean by Transaction? Explain the Transaction states.
- Discuss the properties of Transaction.
Ans 6.
Meaning of Transaction and Explanation of Transaction States
A transaction in the context of a database management system refers to a logical unit of work that consists of one or more operations. These operations are typically read and write actions on the database. A transaction is performed to carry out a specific task such as updating a record, transferring money between accounts, or processing a purchase. Transactions are crucial because they ensure data consistency and reliability, especially in multi-user environments. A transaction must be executed completely or not
SESSION | APRIL 2025 |
PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
SEMESTER | II |
COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA1209 PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE |
Set-I
Q1. Explain the need and importance of programming language. 10
Ans 1.
Need and Importance of Programming Language
Programming Language
A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. These instructions are used to implement algorithms and control the behavior of machines, especially computers. Programming languages are vital for communicating with a computer and enabling it to perform specific tasks accurately and efficiently.
Need for Programming Language
The primary need for a
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Q2. Explain different programming paradigms in detail. 10
Ans 2.
Programming Paradigms
A programming paradigm refers to a style or way of programming that is based on certain principles and concepts. It provides a framework for solving problems using programming languages. Different paradigms offer different approaches to code organization, logic implementation, and data handling. Understanding these paradigms is essential for selecting the right approach to solve a specific
Q3. What is Compiler? Why is it used? 10
Ans 3.
Definition and Basic Function of a Compiler
A compiler is a special software program that translates high-level programming language code (like C, C++, or Java) into machine-level language or binary code (0s and 1s), which a computer’s processor can understand and execute. The process of compilation involves converting the entire source code at once into an executable file, typically producing fast-running programs. The compiler checks the
Set-II
Q4. Explain the concept of recursion in detail. 10
Ans 4.
Recursion in Programming
Recursion is a programming concept where a function calls itself in order to solve a problem. Instead of solving the entire problem at once, the recursive function solves a small part and relies on the function calling itself again with a modified parameter. This continues until it reaches a base case—a condition that stops further recursive calls. Recursion is commonly used in problems that have a repetitive or
Q5. Explain Object Oriented Programming in detail. 10
Ans 5.
Object-Oriented Programming
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. An object can be defined as an instance of a class that contains both data and methods. The OOP approach is based on real-world entities and emphasizes code reusability, modularity, and scalability. It allows developers to build complex programs by combining and
Q6. Explain various scripting languages in detail. 10
Ans 6.
Scripting Languages
Scripting languages are high-level programming languages used to write scripts—short programs that automate tasks and control applications. Unlike traditional programming languages, scripting languages are typically interpreted rather than compiled, meaning the code is executed line-by-line at runtime. They are widely used for web development, automation, system administration, and rapid application development.
Characteristics of Scripting
SESSION | APRIL 2025 |
PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
SEMESTER | II |
COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA1210 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING USING C++ |
Set-I
Q1. Describe the main differences between procedural programming in C and object-oriented programming in C++. 10
Ans 1.
Main Differences Between Procedural Programming in C and Object-Oriented Programming in C++
Programming Paradigms
Programming languages adopt different paradigms to structure and organize code. C is a procedural programming language that focuses on functions and procedures, while C++ is an object-oriented language designed to handle complexity using the concept of objects and classes. Understanding their differences helps in choosing the right approach for various programming scenarios.
Conceptual
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Q2. Define an inline function and explain its advantages. 10
Ans 2.
Understanding Inline Functions
An inline function in C++ is a function where the compiler attempts to expand the function body at the point of each function call instead of performing a traditional call. This is done using the inline keyword. It is particularly useful for small, frequently used functions where the overhead of calling a function can impact performance.
How Inline Functions
Q3. Explain the concept of exception handling in C++ and its necessity. Discuss the roles of try, throw, and catch in the exception handling mechanism.
Ans 3.
Concept of Exception Handling in C++ and the Roles of try, throw, and catch
Exception Handling in C++
Exception handling is a crucial feature in C++ that allows a program to deal with unexpected errors or unusual situations that occur during runtime. Instead of crashing the program or producing incorrect results, exception handling enables the program to detect, handle, and recover from these errors gracefully. This is especially important for creating robust, secure, and user-friendly software.
Necessity of
Set-II
Q4. Describe basic programming using streams in C++. Include the process of creating, connecting, and disconnecting streams, and provide a simple example program. 10
Ans 4.
Basic Programming Using Streams in C++ with Process and Example
Streams in C++
In C++, streams are used to perform input and output operations. A stream is a flow of data from a source to a destination. The input stream reads data into a program, while the output stream sends data out of the program. C++ provides the iostream library that includes classes like istream for input and ostream for output, enabling developers to manage input and output operations efficiently.
Process of
Q5. What are access specifiers in C++? Provide examples to demonstrate the use of each access specifier in a class. 10
Ans 5.
Access Specifiers in C++ with Examples
Access Specifiers
Access specifiers in C++ are keywords used to define the visibility and accessibility of class members (variables and functions). They control how the members of a class can be accessed in a program. The three main access specifiers in C++ are public, private, and protected. Using access specifiers allows developers to implement the principle of data encapsulation, which is a key concept in object-oriented programming.
Public Access
Q6. Explain the concept of operator overloading in C++.
Ans 6.
Operator Overloading
Operator overloading is a feature in C++ that allows existing operators to be redefined so that they can work with user-defined data types, such as objects of a class. This improves code readability and makes operations involving class objects more intuitive. It is a type of polymorphism where the same operator behaves differently depending on its operands.
Purpose and Need for