| SESSION | JAN – FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DBB1214 MACROECONOMICS |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Examine the role of foreign trade and foreign remittances in the circular flow of income. Discuss with reference to the four-sector model. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
The flow of income in a circular fashion is the way in which money flows continuously between households, firms, public administration, and even the outside sector of an economy. The four-sector model is an extension of the fundamental model by including foreign trade and remittances, adding an international dimension which significantly affects the national income in addition to aggregate demand and overall stability in the economy.
The Four-Sector Model
The model of four sectors
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Q.2. Explain the classical aggregate production function and its assumptions. Outline the difference between autonomous investment and induced investment with examples. (6+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
The basic general production function as well as the distinction between various types of investments are key concepts in macroeconomics. Together they explain how an economy creates output and why investment decisions vary based on motivation. Understanding these concepts helps analyze
Q.3. Analyze the effects of inflation on economic growth of India, highlighting both positive and negative impacts. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Inflation can be described as the constant growth in the rate of inflation over the course of time. Although extreme inflation can be detrimental, lower levels of inflation can cause a variety of complex and positive impacts on growth. In the Indian context, understanding both aspects of inflation aids policymakers determine the best monetary and fiscal interventions that allow growth to be balanced with
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Critically examine the measures a government can take to reduce fiscal deficits. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these measures? (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
A fiscal deficit occurs when the government’s expenditure exceeds its revenue for a particular year. While some level of deficit is acceptable and even growth-promoting, persistent and large fiscal deficits threaten macroeconomic stability by raising debt levels and crowding out private investment. There are a myriad of ways that governments can lower deficits fiscally, each with distinct trade-offs.
Measures to Reduce Fiscal
Q.5. Evaluate the effectiveness of government expenditure as a tool for increasing national income in a highly open economy and discuss its impact on the trade balance. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
It is a major element of aggregate demand, and the primary instrument of fiscal policy to control your national income. Its effectiveness is however greatly based on how open an economy is to global trade. For highly open economies it is the case that the Keynesian multiplier can be significantly reduced because of leakages to imports which can cause a rift between spending on fiscal and GDP growth.
Effectiveness of
Q.6. Discuss the different types of rent in economics and explain how rent is determined under extensive and intensive cultivation in Ricardo’s theory. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Rent in the classical world of economics refers to the payment made in exchange for land and other natural resources. David Ricardo developed the most significant theory of rent explaining the way in which the profit accruing for landowners comes from variations in productivity of land. Rent theory is important in analyzing the distribution of income, the pricing of agriculture, and the policies for reforming land for agrarian societies like India.
Types of Rent in Economics
Economic rent is the surplus payment made
| SESSION | JAN – FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DBB1215 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Calculate the cost of equity for Triveni Ltd., which has issued equity shares with a face value of ₹1000 at an 8% premium. The expected dividend at the end of the year is 10%, and the annual dividend growth rate is 6%. Also determine the cost of equity assuming zero dividend growth. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Equity costs are the minimum rate of return investors in equity expect from their investment. It’s a crucial factor in capital budgeting, valuation of the portfolio, and calculation of the weighted average cost of capital. The Dividend Growth Model, also called Gordon’s Model, is commonly employed to calculate the value of equity when dividends are growing with a constant pace in time.
Market perception plays a major part in determining cost of equity. Things like company’s reputation and performance of the industry, macroeconomic stability, and the sentiment of investors can affect stock prices as well as expected results. If a company is in a high-risk sector or that has unpredictable
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Q.2. (a) Compute the future value of ₹10,000 invested for 5 years at 12% p.a. (b) Compute the present value of ₹10,000 expected after 5 years at the same discount rate. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Time value of money is the foundation of financial management, reflecting the concept that money accessible today will be worth more equivalent amounts later on due to its earning potential. Future value and present value calculations are crucial instruments for appraisal of investments as well as capital budgeting and financial planning decisions in all business organizations.
The idea of the time worth of cash is associated with reinvestment and compounding frequency. Once money has been invested the profits earned in every time period could be used to earn additional returns. This process
Q.3. (a) What is leverage and how does it contribute to maximizing shareholders’ wealth? (b) Define wealth maximization and contrast it with profit maximization. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Wealth maximization and leverage are the two most important concepts of the field of financial management. They determine how the managers allocate debt capital, manage risks, and take decisions to increase the value of shareholders over time. The distinction between maximization of profit and wealth is essential for setting the proper financial goal for every business.
Concept and Types of Leverage
Leverage is the term used to describe the
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Differentiate between: (a) Gross Working Capital and Net Working Capital, and (b) Permanent Working Capital and Temporary Working Capital. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
The management of working capital is an essential component of financial management. It makes sure that the firm has sufficient funds to fulfill the short-term needs of its customers while effectively making use of its existing assets. Understanding the distinctions between net and working capital, in addition to permanent and temporary working capital, can help managers devise the financing strategy and keep operational stability.
Gross Working Capital versus Net Worki
Q.5. Critically analyze the major theories of capital structure, highlighting their key assumptions, implications, and relevance with appropriate examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Capital structure refers to the blend of equity and debt used by an organization to fund its assets. The choice of capital structure impacts the costs of capital along with the value of the company and the financial risk. Several theories have been proposed in order to determine the most optimal financial structure. Each of them has particular assumptions, implications as well as real-world implications for corporate financial management.
Modigliani-Miller Theory
Modigliani and Miller made a proposal
Q.6. Given EPS = ₹10, capitalization rate = 10%, ROI = 15%: (a) Compute market price using Walter’s Model at 50% payout ratio. (b) Assess whether this payout ratio is optimal per Walter’s theory. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Walter’s Model, developed in the work of James E. Walter, provides a correlation between the dividend policy and prices of shares in the marketplace. It suggests that the dividend decision matters greatly when the returns on investment are different from its equity cost. The model offers a simple formula for computing share price based on earnings, dividends and investment return.
Walter’s Model insists on the fact that
| SESSION | JAN – FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DBB1216 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Discuss the major approaches to Organizational Behaviour and analyse how organizational structure affects the success of project management. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
The study of organizational behaviour is the investigation of individual, group, and organizational factors that affect behaviour within organizations. Learning about its main theoretical frameworks as well as the relation between structure and results allows managers to create better, adaptable as well as high-performing teams organisations across a variety of industry contexts.
Major Approaches to Organizational Behaviour
Human Resources is a
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Q.2. Explain the role of Transactional Analysis in improving communication and teamwork. How do learning and motivation theories influence employee productivity? (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Motivation theories and Transactional Analysis are the foundational elements of managerial behavior that can help managers discern interpersonal dynamics and productivity factors. By applying these frameworks companies can increase the quality of communication, decrease tension in workplaces, develop teamwork and develop environments that allow employees to consistently perform in their highest capacity.
Transactional Analysis in Communication and Teamwork
Transactional Analysis, developed by
Q.3. Describe the concept of personality in Organizational Behaviour. Analyse the interrelationship between personality and emotions in predicting employee behaviour at work. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Emotions and personality are among the most important individual-level variables in Organizational Behaviour. They influence how employees think, feel to each other and how they interact in the workplace. Understanding how these two elements interact helps managers to predict the behavior of their employees and design roles that draw on individual strengths, and create emotionally supportive environments that enhance performance.
Concept of Personality in
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Compare traditional leadership theories with contemporary leadership theories in terms of leadership style and effectiveness. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
The concept of leadership theory has developed significantly since the beginning of trait-based leadership theories. It has evolved to more sophisticated models of the present that stress vision, change as well as follower growth. Knowing the distinctions between traditional and contemporary theories helps organizations to select and create leaders that are suitable to their context of strategic planning, culture and environment the present business climate.
Traditional
Q.5. Discuss the sources of power in organizations. How do groups differ from teams in terms of structure and performance outcomes? (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
The dynamics of group and power are fundamental dimensions of organizational behavior that affect how the decisions are taken, how the influence of hierarchies flows, as well as how work for the collective is organized. Understanding the sources of power and the structure differences that exist between teams and groups can help managers to leverage the organizational dynamic efficiently to achieve better productivity outcomes.
Sources of Power in Organizations
French and Raven identified the five main bases of social power in organization settings. Legitimate power is derived from the
Q.6. Explain how human process interventions and techno-structural interventions contribute to organizational improvement. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Organizational Development is a planned systemic effort that aims to increase an organization’s effectiveness and health using behavioural science knowledge. Two major categories of OD interventions are human processes interventions and tech-structural interventions. Together, they deal with both the structural as well as human elements of the performance of an organization, providing lasting and complete
| SESSION | JAN – FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DBB1217 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. How can responsible data use and technology (like digital tools) help in solving real community problems? (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Information technology and the responsible use of data are now transformative in addressing persistent community problems. From water access and health to management, the digital technology enables communities to identify problems in a precise manner, assign resources more evenly and evaluate outcomes more precisely. When used in an ethical manner and with a broad perspective technological advances enhance the efficacy of community development efforts across different socioeconomic environments.
Responsible Data Use in
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Q.2. Highlight the significance of collaboration in community development and describe the joint role of government and NGOs. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Community development requires coordinated effort by multiple parties because every single entity lacks the resources, legitimacy, and local reach needed to solve complex social problems all on their own. Collaboration between public institutions as well as non-governmental organizations represents one of the most influential collaborations in the field of development, which combines the power of public authorities and scale together with the agility of civil society as well as community trust.
Significance of Collaboration
Q.3. Describe how theory, policy, and practice are connected in community development, using examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Community development is a process that occurs in the intersection between theories, policies, and application. The theoretical basis provides the foundation for understanding social change. Theory is translated into policy guidelines and resources commitments. Practice is where these meet realities in particular community contexts. The consistency and quality of the connections between these three levels will
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Discuss the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in promoting financial inclusion and women’s empowerment in India with an example. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Self-Help Groups are one of India’s best-performing community development innovations, creating ways to increase financial inclusion and women’s empowerment across the country. Through the organization of women into smaller, cohesive savings and credit groups SHGs can fill the gap between the traditional financial system as well as millions of rural women who were previously not able to access banking
Q.5. Imagine a rural community in India adopting digital tools for development. Explain how different components of ICT are used in this process with examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Information and Communication Technology has transformed into an essential enabler of rural development in India, bridging geographic distance between communities, the gap in knowledge, and obstacles to accessing services which have previously deprived rural communities of access to services. When developed with the community’s needs at the center, ICT components including mobile phones, internet connectivity, applications for software, and electronic payments collectively transform
Q.6. Describe how COVID-19 in India highlighted the link between crisis management and community development, focusing on communication and trust among people. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
The COVID-19 epidemic was the worst public health crisis and socioeconomic crises India confronted in decades, exposing both the vulnerabilities and resilience of people throughout the nation. The epidemic demonstrated in stark detail the importance of effective crisis management on the pre-existing infrastructure for community development, trust networks, and communications systems built by investing in development over time, and not only during moments when there is an
| SESSION | JAN – FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DBB1218 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Discuss the key features of Python that make it one of the most popular programming languages today. Provide examples wherever applicable. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Python can be described as a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted programming language that is the most popular language in the world for data science as well as artificial intelligence web development, as well as automation. The combination of its simplicity flexibility, versatility and a large library ecosystem is the reason it’s the one of the most popular languages for beginners and experienced professional programmers across the globe.
Simple and Readable
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Q.2. Describe the use of the input() function in Python with an example. Define an identifier and mention the rules for naming identifiers in Python. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
The input function and the identifier naming rules are among the fundamental but crucial principles of Python programming. Input function allows interactive programs by accepting user data during runtime. Identifiers are the names assigned to variables, functions modules, classes and other elements in Python code. Following correct naming rules is essential for writing error-free, readable as well as maintainable software.
Input() Function is in Python
Q.3. Explain the difference between break, continue, and pass statements in Python with examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Python offers three distinct control flow statements, namely break, continue and pass. These statements alter the normal sequential execution of loops as well as block of code. Understanding the precise function and appropriate use of each statement is vital to creating efficient loop logic in a clean manner, tackling edge cases, and building programs that operate with predictability across any input situation.
The break statement
Break statements immediately
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Differentiate between a Python module and a package. What are the different ways to import a module in Python? Provide examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Modular design of Python’s modules and packages is one of its strongest organizing features that allow code reuse, maintaining, and scalability across large software development projects. Understanding the distinction between modules and packages, as well as knowing how to import them are important abilities for every Python programmer working on the real world applications.
Python Module versus
Q.5. Explain tuples in Python and how they differ from lists in terms of mutability and performance. Also discuss the key characteristics of sets in Python. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Python has a number of built-in data structures to organize the data in collections. Lists, triples and sets are among the most commonly used structures, each with distinct specific characteristics in regards to mutability and ordering as well as performance and use cases. Understanding their differences enables developers to choose the most appropriate structure for every specific requirement in
Q.6. Discuss the purpose of the try block in Python. Why is the finally block important in a Python program? (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Exception handling is one of the primary aspects to writing robust, reliable Python programs. The try-except-finally structure provides the system for anticipation, detection, and managing errors during runtime that do not cause a crash to the program. The understanding of the roles specific to the blocks for trying and finally is vital to create high-performance applications that are able to deal with errors
| SESSION | APR – AUG 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) |
| SEMESTER | 2 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DBB1219 STATISTICS FOR MANAGERS |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Find the A.M from the following data: Weights in (Kgs.): 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 | Number of men: 12, 18, 24, 16, 6, 4 (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Arithmetic Mean
The Arithmetic Mean (AM) is the most important and widely utilized measure of central tendencies in the field of statistics. The calculation is done by subdividing the sum of the values observed by the total amount of observations. The arithmetic mean provides one value representative that provides a complete summary of the data, making it the most important summary statistic for quantitative data analysis in making business decisions.
In the context of a frequency distribution, where each value occurs multiple times as indicated by its corresponding frequency, the arithmetic mean is calculated using the weighted or frequency-distribution formula. It is also known as the Weighted Arithmetic Mean, where every observation is multiplied by its
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Q.2. The weekly salaries of a group of employees are given in the following table. Find the mean and standard deviation of the salaries. Salary (Rs.): 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100 | No. of persons: 3, 7, 18, 12, 6, 4 (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Standard Deviation
The Standard Deviation (SD) is the most significant and widely applied measure of dispersion used in statistical analysis. Although the arithmetic means determines the primary value of a dataset, the standard deviation measures the degree to which individual observations are spread from that central number. Small standard deviations indicate that data elements are situated tightly around the median, however, a high standard deviation signifies that data points are spread widely apart away
Q.3. Calculate Pearson’s coefficient of correlation from the following data. Take 65 and 70 as the assumed averages of the variables x and y respectively. X: 45, 55, 56, 58, 60, 65, 68, 70, 75, 80, 85 | Y: 56, 40, 48, 60, 62, 64, 65, 70, 74, 82, 90 (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation
Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (r) is one of the most popular measures of the linear relation between two quantitative variables. It is a measure of both intensity and direction of the relationship between two variables. It’s expressed as a single numeric value ranging from -1 to +1. A value of +1 indicates a positive, linearly perfect relationship. That is, as one variable rises, the other increases proportionally. If you see a value of -1, that indicates the perfect linear relationship between negative and positive in which the one variable grows, the other decreases proportionally. Zero indicates zero
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Calculate the regression equations of X on Y and Y on X for the following data: X: 10, 12, 13, 17, 18 | Y: 5, 6, 7, 9, 13. Also determine the value of the coefficient of correlation. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is a potent method of statistical analysis that establishes an effective mathematical connection among two variables. It allows to predict the value in one particular variable (the dependent variable) based on the known value of a separate variable (the dependent variable). For simple bivariate analysis, we create an uniform straight line that is the best fitting through the data points using the
Q.5. a) Calculate Fisher’s Quantity Index from the following data and show that it satisfies Time Reversal Test. [Data: Commodity P: Base Price=10, Base Value=200, Current Price=12, Current Value=300 | Q: Base Price=8, Base Value=108, Current Price=10, Current Value=220 | R: Base Price=20, Base Value=160, Current Price=25, Current Value=250 | S: Base Price=18, Base Value=144, Current Price=20, Current Value=140 | T: Base Price=35, Base Value=280, Current Price=30, Current Value=300] (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Fisher’s Index Number
Index numbers are statistical devices to measure changes in the worth of a variable, or group of variables in periods of time or between locations. These numbers are calculated as percentages to the base period of reference. They are called economic barometers as they distill complex variations in prices, quantities of costs or other economic variables into a common number. Business management index numbers are essential for studying the rate of inflation, comparing purchasing power across periods and adjusting financial information for price adjustments, and for evaluating performance
Q.6. From the following data calculate the 4 yearly moving average and determine the trend values. Year: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 | Value: 50, 36.5, 43, 44.5, 38.9, 38.1, 32.6, 41.7, 41.1, 33.8 (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Moving Average – Concept and Time Series Analysis
Time series are the sequence of numeric data points gathered or recorded over successive, equal intervals of time. Time series analysis is the analytical method that is used to study and identify meaningful patterns within the data. Each time-series is believed to consist of four elements: the longer-term Trend (T) is the continuous upward and downward motion over the course of many years; the Cyclical variations
| SESSION | JAN – FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DBB1220 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. A project manager sends an email to his team explaining new deadlines. However, some employees misunderstand the message and complete the task incorrectly. The manager later realizes that the message was unclear and lacked proper feedback mechanisms.
Question:
Based on the case, explain the concept and process of communication. Discuss the Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication and explain how different types, channels, and levels of communication influence message clarity in organizations.
Ans 1.
The case illustrates how even the best intentions of communication could fail when the process is ineffective or the communication channel is not properly selected, or the feedback mechanisms aren’t in place. Knowing the process of communication and using established methods such as Shannon and Weaver helps managers design efficient organizational communication strategies that minimize misinterpretation, and
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Q.2. A multinational company team includes employees from different countries and genders. During meetings, some employees hesitate to express their opinions due to cultural differences and gender bias. This leads to misunderstandings and reduced team productivity.
Question:
Identify the major barriers to communication present in the case and suggest methods to overcome them. Explain how cross-cultural communication and gender sensitivity influence effective organizational communication
Ans 2.
This case demonstrates how different teams, despite their creativity, may fail if gender or cultural issues are not dealt with proactively. Identifying specific communication barriers and adopting structured methods to get over them is vital for multinational companies looking to make the most from their diversity workforces for efficiency of the organization.
Major Communication
Q.3. During an important meeting, the team leader presents a project proposal using PowerPoint. Some team members interrupt frequently, and others fail to listen carefully, resulting in confusion about responsibilities.
Question:
Analyze the case and explain the importance of listening and speaking skills in workplace communication. Discuss types of listening, public speaking skills, presentation techniques, and effective meeting management.
Ans 3.
The example illustrates how a professionally-prepared presentation could fail in the event that listening standards and meeting management practices do not meet the requirements. Listening and speaking are two of the essential elements for effective workplace communication. Organisations that are investing in the development of these abilities, as well as implementing well-organized meeting management techniques create more effective organized, aligned, and collaborative teams.
Importance of Listening Skills in
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. A junior employee prepares a business report but copies information directly from sources without summarizing or paraphrasing. The report also contains grammatical errors and poorly structured sentences.
Question:
Using the case, explain the importance of reading and writing skills in professional communication. Discuss techniques such as skimming, scanning, précis writing, summarizing, paraphrasing, and subject–verb agreement.
Ans 4.
This case exposes fundamental weaknesses in the comprehension of reading, ability to write, as well as grammatical accuracy that undermine professional credibility. Writing and reading are integral capabilities in professional communications. The ability to read effectively is essential for data extraction and comprehension while strong writing skills enable precise, unique and correct grammatically of the information to professional audiences.
Reading Skills in
Q.5. A graduate applies for a job but sends a poorly structured resume and generic cover letter. During the interview and group discussion, the candidate struggles to present ideas clearly and fails to engage effectively with other participants.
Question:
Evaluate the situation and discuss the role of resumes, cover letters, job interviews, and group discussions in employment communication. Explain the skills required to perform successfully in these processes.
Ans 5.
The term “employment communication” refers to all written and oral channels through which candidates present themselves in front of prospective employers. The situation illustrates how poor the performance of multiple job communication avenues, from resume to group discussions, results in an additional
Q.6. A company faces negative publicity on social media after a customer complaint goes viral. The management must respond quickly through official statements and online communication while ensuring ethical digital behavior.
Question:
Analyze the case and explain the importance of crisis communication and negotiation in organizations. Discuss the role of digital communication, netiquette, and cyber ethics in managing such situations effectively
Ans 6.
The raging social media complaint can be described as a modern-day organizational issue that demands immediate action and a long-term strategy for managing reputation. An effective crisis communications, coupled with ethical digital behaviour as well as professional netiquette, may transform a damaging public situation into an opportunity to show the values of an organization, their accountability as well as a true commitment to your customers’ satisfaction.
Crisis