| SESSION | JAN-FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA6108 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS & GRAPH THEORY |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Find the inverse of the matrix A= using the adjoint method. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Matrix Inverse Using Adjoint Method
The concept of the inverse of a matrice is an essential concept in linear algebra, with numerous applications in solving linear equations in systems, computers, cryptography, and analysis of networks. If a matrix is square, of order n, the inverse exists only when the determinant of A is non-zero. A matrix like this is referred to as invertible or non-singular. The approach of the adjoint is an organized
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Q.2. Use Gauss’s Elimination Method to solve: x – 2y = -4, -5y + z = -9, 4x – 3z = -10. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Gauss Elimination Method
Gauss Elimination is one of the most popular direct methods for solving systems that are linear in nature. It is named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss and transforms a particular system into an upper triangular structure using the simplest row operations. These include swapping between two rows, multiplying a row with a non-zero scalar and subtracting or adding a multiple of one row
Q.3. Let f:A→B, g:B→C, and h:C→D. If f(x) = x+1, g(y) = y², and h(z) = √z, find the composition h∘g∘f(x). Also, check the bijectiveness of mappings. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Function Composition and Bijectiveness
In math, a function creates a relationship between two sets such that each of the domain is exactly one element in the codomain. Composition of functions can be described as an option of mixing multiple functions, so that the output of one function becomes the input of the following. For functions like f:A and B and the g:B function to C and C, the composition made with f is written as g(f(x)) or (g o f)(x), which maps the elements from A directly into C. Composition is associative in that the h
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Demonstrate that (p ∧ (q ∨ r)) ≡ ((p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)). (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Theory: Distributive Law in Propositional Logic
Propositional logic is a branch of logic which deals with propositions. They’re statements that can be taken as true or false. Logical connectives like conjunction (AND) and disjunction (OR) negation (NOT), implication, and biconditional can be used to make compound propositions out of simple ones. Two complex propositions are considered to be logically similar if they have identical the truth value for every
Q.5. The marks scored by students in a test are as follows: [0-20: 6], [20-40: 10], [40-60: 15], [60-80: 8], [80-100: 4]. Find the median marks. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Theory: Median for Grouped Data
The median is a measure of central tendency that represents the middle-point for a set of data points when they are arranged in an order. For grouped frequency distributions, the median does not just represent an observation in the middle, but calculated using a statistical formula that takes into account the classes interval, the cumulative frequencies as well as the class that contains the median. It divides the frequency distribution into two equal portions and fifty percent of the data being be
Q.6. What is a connected graph? What is a cycle in a graph? (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Connected Graph
The field of Graph Theory is one of discrete maths which studies graphs, which are mathematical models composed of vertices (also known as nodes) as well as edges (also known as arches) which connect two vertices. Graphs are used to model connections and networks within diverse disciplines, such as computer networks social media, transportation systems electrical circuits, as well biological networks. The understanding of the key properties of graphs, such as cycles and connectivity is
| SESSION | APRIL 2026 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA6109 PYTHON PROGRAMMING |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. a) How are local and global variables different in programming? b) Explain different types of modes used in file handling. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
- a) Local and Global Variables in Python
When programming, variables can be classed based on where they’re declared and the location they may be used inside the program. This area of accessibility is referred to as the scope an individual variable. Python adheres to the LEGB rules for looking up variables: Local, Enclosing, Global, and Built-in scopes are checked in that order.
A local variable is defined
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Q.2. a) What are different methods to add and delete items from list? b) Explain the use of following string functions: upper(), lower(), isdigit(), isalpha(), split(), join() with example. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
- a) Methods to Add and Delete Items from a List
Python lists are mutable ordered sequences which allow for the dynamic addition and deletion of elements. Python provides multiple built-in methods for these functions with each one serving a specific reason.
Adding Items:
append(item): Adds a single
Q.3. a) Why is exception handling important? How do you create custom exception? Explain with example. b) Explain how you can use *args and **kwargs in function definition. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
- a) Exception Handling and Custom Exceptions
Exception handling is the process of responding to unexpected errors or abnormal conditions that occur during program execution. In the absence of exception handling unresolved errors end the program in a flash and generates an unclear traceback error. The handling of exceptions allows programs to recognize errors, react efficiently, and proceed with execution or close the loop with an informative message.
Python utilizes try, except other, try, and lastly blocks for handling exceptions. The code that may cause an error is placed
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. a) What are instance variables? How they are different from class variables. b) Write a regular expression for validating PAN number entered by users. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
- a) Instance Variables vs Class Variables
In Python’s object-oriented programming model variables can be linked either to the entire class in its entirety or even with specific objects created within the class. Understanding this distinction is essential to design well-organized and effective programs.
Instance variables are defined
Q.5. a) Discuss the role of sprites in Pygame and how they are used in game animation. b) What is cursor object? Explain the steps of database connectivity. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
- a) Role of Sprites in Pygame
Pygame is an all-platform Python library built on top of SDL (Simple DirectMedia Layer) that provides tools for building 2D games as well multimedia applications. It offers modules for graphic, audio control, event management, as well as input management. These make it popular for game development projects
Q.6. a) What is PEP8 and why is it important for Python developers? b) Discuss the approaches used for handling missing data. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
- a) PEP8 and Its Importance for Python Developers
PEP is the acronym in the form of Python Enhancement Proposal. PEP is an official document that describes new guidelines, features, or modifications that are proposed for Python. Python programming language. PEP8, officially titled “Style Guidance in Python Code’, was composed by Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw a
| SESSION | JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2026 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA6110 PROGRAMMING AND PROBLEM SOLVING USING C |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Define operators in C and explain their types with suitable C Programs. (2+8 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
The operator symbol of C is a symbol which tells the compiler to perform the specific mathematical and logical action on one or more operands. Operands refer to the value or variables in the operation. Operators are the fundamental building blocks of expressions in C and are vital for
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Q.2. a) Explain the syntax and working of the switch-case statement in C. b) Compare for, while, and do-while loops. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
- a) Switch-Case Statement in C
The switch-case declaration is a multi-way decision-making construct which selects one of the feasible execution routes, based on the result of a single expression. It is a cleaner alternative to a long sequence of if-else-if statement when several conditions are dependent on the identical variable. The expression inside switch will be evaluated once before its value is checked against the label of each case. If there is a match in the case, then the actions under this case run. The break statement is
Q.3. Discuss the different storage classes used in C with syntax and example programs. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
A storage class in C specifies the scope, visibility, lifetime, and an initial default value for an object or function. The compiler is informed of where to put the variable in memory, how long it lives in memory and what
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Explain any four functions of <graphics.h> in C programming with examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
The graphics.h header file is part of Borland Turbo C graphics library. It contains functions that draw patterns, lines, texts as well as colors onto the screen when in graphic mode. Before any graphics function is utilized, the screen needs to be created by using itgraph(). Every drawing happens after closegraph() is invoked to close graphic mode. The importance of four functions is explained below.
initgraph()
Q.5. Define the concept of a string and explore the functions used for string manipulation in the C programming language. (2+8 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Definition of String
Strings in C is a sequence of characters stored within an interminable block of memory and is terminated with a null characters (‘\0’). C does not have a standard information type for string. Strings are represented as arrays of characters where the null terminator signifies the ending. In this case, for example, char name[] = “Alice” stores six bytes: A, l, i, c, e, and ‘\0’. String literals are saved in the read-only
Q.6. Describe the purpose of dynamic memory allocation. Explain various functions used in dynamic memory allocation. (2+8 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Purpose of Dynamic Memory Allocation
Dynamic memory allocation is the method of allotting and discharging memory during the execution of the program, not at compile time. Static allocation requires array sizes that are fixed prior to when the program starts, which is inefficient when the array size is excessively large, or results in failure when too small. Dynamic allocation solves this by letting the program request exactly the memory it will
| SESSION | Jan-Feb 2026 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA6111 RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Describe the major classes of parallel machines and their relevance in parallel database systems. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Parallel machines are computing architectures which make use of multiple processors to accomplish tasks in parallel, thus increasing performance and throughput. In database systems, parallelism is used to speed up query processing, data loading or sorting as well as transaction management. Parallel databases spread data and computation across multiple processors, allowing them to process large amounts of data effectively. Three primary classes of parallel machine designs exist:
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Q.2. How does the Eddy architecture contribute to reducing query response time in large-scale distributed systems? (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Traditional systems for processing queries employ an executed plan that is fixed and determined by a query optimizer prior to the execution starts. This static approach works well for data that is accurate and conditions in the system remain stable. In large-scale distributed systems, conditions such as data skew network latency, server load, and data arrival rates vary dynamically as queries are executed. The Eddy architecture is an adaptive query processing system designed to address these issues
Q.3. Explain the concept of normalization in DBMS and its importance. Discuss each normal form (1NF to 5NF) with examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Normalization is a method to organize a relational database in order to minimize redundantness and increase data integrity. It involves separating huge table structures that have poor structure into more compact, well-organized tables and connecting them through foreign keys. It is the goal of storing all data pieces in a single location, to avoid update, insert and deletion errors. Normalization is founded
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Write short notes on the following: (a) Starburst (b) Oracle (c) DB2 (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Starburst
Starburst is a relational extensible database developed by IBM’s Almaden Research Center in the latter part of the 1980s. It was designed as a test bed for researchers to explore new directions in the database design and allow the engine to be highly flexible. Its most significant contribution is a query rewriting based on rules system where transformation rules called”rewrite” rules translate SQL queries into more efficient internal representations. These rules are able to be added or modified without
Q.5. Explain the concept of database recovery management. Discuss the different levels of backup techniques used for recovering data. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
The database recovery management process can be described as the process of restoring an existing database to a proper and consistent state after an event of failure. It can be caused by computer crashes, power failures as well as software issues humans’ mistakes or disk corruption. A system for managing databases must make sure that transactions committed to the system are always preserved and complete transactions do not leave any partial results in the database. Recovery management
Q.6. Discuss the concept of data fragmentation in distributed databases. Explain its types in detail. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
A distributed database stores data across multiple computers connected by networks. Data fragmentation refers to the process that divides a relation into smaller parts called fragments that are kept at various sites within the distributed database. Fragmentation allows the system to store data at the location where it is most often accessed, to process queries locally, without having to transfer entire tables across the network. It also helps enhance availability by storing independent copies of the same data at multiple sites as well as support parallel processing in which the different sites deal with
| SESSION | JAN-FEB 2026 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA6112 DATA VISUALIZATION |
Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Define data visualization and explain its key role in data analysis. List and explain the main advantages of using data visualization techniques. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Definition of Data Visualization
Data visualization is the visual depiction of information or data that uses visual elements such as graphs, charts, maps as well as dashboards. The process converts raw numerical or categorical data into a visual format that the human brain is able to comprehend quickly. Instead of having to read through the columns and rows of a spreadsheet, a viewer can comprehend patterns, trends as well as outliers in just a couple of minutes by looking at a well-designed chart. Instruments like Tableau and power BI
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Q.2. What is a Gantt chart? Describe the step-by-step process for creating a Gantt chart in Microsoft Excel and discuss its main importance in project management. (2+4+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
What is a Gantt Chart
The Gantt chart is horizontal bar chart that represents a project schedule over period of. Each line in the graph represents a specific task or activity it’s length indicates the duration of that task. The horizontal axis is for the duration of time, while the vertical axis displays all jobs. Gantt charts provide a visual
Q.3. What is a scatter chart in Excel? Discuss its main purposes, different types of it. Also explain key customization options that improve its use in data visualization. (2+4+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
What is a Scatter Chart in Excel
A scatter chart, often called a “scatter plot” or”XY chart,” is a graph which displays data points arranged along two axes. The horizontal axis (X) symbolizes one factor, and the vertical axis (Y) represents an additional. Each line of the chart corresponds to one recorded observation or dataset. Scatter charts are used to study the relationship between two numbers. Microsoft Excel provides a built-in
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Explain the importance of correlation analysis in statistics. Show how correlation matrices help in exploring multiple variables, with examples. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans. 4.
Importance of Correlation Analysis in Statistics
Correlation analysis is a statistical technique used to measure the force and direction an association among two or more factors. The correlation coefficient, typically denoted as r, ranges from -1 to +1. A value close to +1 signifies a high degree of positive association in which both variables rise together. A value close to -1 indicates a significant negative relationship, where one variable grows
Q.5. List the main problems caused by missing data in datasets and compare common methods used to fill in the missing values. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans. 5.
Main Problems Caused by Missing Data in Datasets
Incomplete data is one of the most common and destructive issues that arise when it comes to research and analysis. If data is missing from a dataset, the quality as well as the reliability of all analysis can be compromised. Problems caused by the absence of data can be classified into several
.
Q.6. Describe the main steps to build an interactive dashboard using Dash and Plotly. Point out the key parts and features that make it interactive. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans. 6.
Building an Interactive Dashboard Using Dash and Plotly
Dash is an open source Python framework created by Plotly that allows developers to build interactive, web-based data dashboards without needing any front-end web development knowledge. It runs on top of Flask and utilizes React.js internally for rendering. Plotly is an graphing tool that works seamlessly together with Dash to build vibrant, interactive graphs. Together, they are among the top tools available for building data visualization applications within