| SESSION | JULY 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | 5 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA31E3 ETHICAL HACKING |
Assignment Set 1
Q.1. Define Ethical Hacking and explain its key aspects. Discuss the different types of hackers and distinguish between ethical hacking and malicious hacking with suitable examples. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Ethical hacking is the process of probing computer systems, networks or applications and finding security vulnerabilities with the owner’s permission. The aim is to assist the organisation to rectify the weaknesses before they are exploited. Ethical hacker applies technical skills in a controlled and responsible manner.
Permission and Scope
Written authorisation of course is necessary.
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Q.2. Explain the concept of information gathering in ethical hacking. Differentiate between passive and active information gathering techniques, and discuss the role of footprinting, scanning, and enumeration in the reconnaissance process. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Information Gathering: Gathering information about a target prior to studying its security. In the context of ethical hacking, it aids the hacker in gaining insight into the organisation’s systems and their presence, technologies and potential vulnerabilities. The results inform subsequent testing which is authorized within the scope of
Q.3. Define network scanning and explain its importance in ethical hacking. Discuss host discovery, ping sweep, and TCP/IP scanning techniques, and explain the role of port scanning in identifying network services. (3+3+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Network scanning: The act of “scanning” a network to discover reachable devices, exposed ports, and available services. In the process of ethical hacking, it enables the ethical hacker to get an insight into the attack surface of the network. Scanning will only be conducted with the owner’s permission and within the scope of the owner’s agreement due to the fact that scanning systems can give rise to alerts or to the impact on sensitive equipment.
Importance of Network Scanning
There is a possible
Assignment Set 2
Q.4. Explain the concept of system hacking in the context of ethical hacking. Discuss different types of password attacks and explain vertical and horizontal privilege escalation with suitable examples. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
In ethical hacking, system hacking involves determining if an authorized tester can access a system or if he/she can access more than was originally granted. The assessment looks for vulnerabilities in authentication, permissions and system configuration. Shows risk and directs corrections within agreed scope.
Understanding
Q.5. Define malware and explain its role in cybersecurity threats. Differentiate between viruses, worms, and Trojans, and discuss their impact on computer systems and networks. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Malware is a program that is used to cause damage or to perform unauthorized actions on a device or network. It may cause loss of information, damage files, disrupt service, or provide control by the attacker. Malware can be sent via misleading downloads, compromised files, removable media or vulnerabilities in software and network services.
Role in Cybersecurity Threats
Malware will frequently
Q.6. Define social engineering and explain its significance in cybersecurity. Discuss phishing, baiting, quid pro quo, and pretexting techniques, and explain appropriate measures for preventing social engineering attacks. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Social Engineering is the art of getting information out of people, or getting them to do something that compromises security. Rather than just a software vulnerability, the attacker leverages trust, fear, curiosity, helpfulness, or urgency. Requests can come in by e-mail, phone, text, or in person.
Significance in Cybersecurity
| SESSION | JULY 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | V |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3105 MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT |
Assignment Set 1
Q.1. Explain Android Architecture in detail. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Android architecture is a software framework which helps bridge the gap between the hardware of the device and the application. Each layer provides service to the layer above it. Developers write applications using a standard set of APIs to perform common tasks, and the operating system handles hardware access, application running and security.
Linux Kernel
The operating system is Linux-based with the Linux kernel as the base. It is responsible for handling processes, memory, device drivers and basic security of the system. The operating system lets the drivers communicate with the hardware components. The kernel also handles networking and scheduling scarce
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Q.2. Explain different Layout available in Android Studio (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
A layout is a way of organizing the elements on an Android screen. Typically, a layout is a ViewGroup with some views like TextView, EditText and Button. These arrangements can be created using the visual editor and XML editor available in Android Studio.
LinearLayout
LinearLayout arranges its children in a single row or column, vertically or horizontally. This way, a label, an
Q.3. Write a program in Android Studio to change the text color of a TextView by clicking three different buttons labelled with three different colours. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
The app will show one TextView and 3 buttons, namely Red, Green and Blue. Each button will alter the colour of the text only, not what words are displayed. It is an example in Java, with an XML Views layout, which makes the interface and the clicking easy to follow.
Layout File
In res/layout create the file activity_main.xml. The identifiers are to link the XML views to the activity code.
<LinearLayout xmlns:android=”http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”
android:layout_width=”match_parent”
android:layout_height=”match_parent”
android:orientation=”vertical”
android:padding=”24dp”>
<TextView android:id=”@+id/message”
android:layout_
Assignment Set 2
Q.4. Design a Full Fledge Android Application to check given number is Even or odd. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
If a number is divisible by 2 without remainder it is even. Otherwise, it is odd. The program takes an integer as input and prints out the remainder of the integer when divided by the number 5. In the interface, there is an input field, a Check button and a result label.
Activity Code
Make a java views project for namespace com.example.paritydemo. This activity creates its layout in Java,
Q.5. Explain how FOR LOOPS can be implemented in Android applications with example (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
A for loop is used to execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true. Java is used for loops in Android applications to process arrays, build output, or to perform repeated calculations. The loop works in the same manner as in regular language; also the result of the loop can be outputted via the components of the Android interface.
Basic Structure
General form is for (initialisation; condition; update). Initialisation is the part of the loop that is executed only once, before
Q.6. Write a program in Android application to check whether a given number is prime or not. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
A positive integer greater than one with exactly two positive factors 1 and the number itself is called prime. This is an application that receives an integer and executes the test of having another divisor. It is showing the result upon button click and not terminated if there is an invalid input.
Activity Code
Start a new java
| SESSION | JULY 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BCA |
| SEMESTER | V |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3106 MACHINE LEARNING |
Set-I
Q.1. Describe the Machine Learning workflow. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Meaning of the Machine Learning Workflow
The machine learning workflow is a series of steps that a developer takes to get from raw data to a working model. It’s not a one-step process; missing or skipping any of the steps will most likely result in a weak or unreliable model.
Gathering and Analyzing Information
The first step is to collect data from a relevant sources like databases, sensors, surveys and existing files. After it’s collected
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Q.2. Differentiate between supervised learning and unsupervised learning with suitable example. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Meaning of Supervised Learning
Supervised learning involves an algorithm that learns about data, for which the right answers are already known. In each training example, the input is presented together with the desired output, called a label, and the goal of the model is to discover the mapping that relates the input to the output and then make predictions for new, unlabeled inputs. The prediction of house prices, as a function of area, location, number of rooms etc., is a good example because the selling prices of houses in the training data are known.
Meaning of Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is applied to data without any labels. It is just fed a set of inputs and left to itself to determine the structure, patterns, or groupings. A common example is customer segmentation, where a retail company segments customers by their purchasing habits without a
Q.3. Discuss the need for feature scaling in KNN and explain normalisation and standardization techniques. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Role of Feature Scaling in KNN
The K Nearest Neighbours algorithm takes a new data point and computes its distance from the other points in the data set, then examines the labels of the other data points that are the closest. This implies that the complete algorithm relies on distance (typically Euclidean distance) computations between feature values. This distance calculation becomes distorted if the features in a given dataset have measurements that are on very different scales.
Problem Caused by Unscaled Features
Suppose you are having
Set-II
Q.4. List and explain the different types of Naïve Bayes classifiers. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Basic Idea Behind Naive Bayes
Naive Bayes is a classification method that is based on Bayes theorem, which determines the probability of a specific outcome based on a set of evidence. It is termed “naive” because it assumes all features in the dataset are independent, and in the real data, this assumption is not true, but the algorithm still works well in practice. Based on the nature of data to be processed, various variants of Naive Bayes are used.
Gaussian
Q.5. What are support vectors? Why are they important. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Meaning of Support Vectors
The Support Vector Machine algorithm’s key idea is to identify the optimal hyperplane that separates data points from different classes. These are the data points in the training set that lie closest to this separating hyperplane and are known as support vectors. These points are not located far into their class regions, but just on the edge of each region, in the middle of the boundary lines.
Role of
Q.6. Discuss the need and importance of cluster analysis in modern data mining and machine learning applications. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Meaning of Cluster Analysis
Unsupervised machine learning method that categorizes a collection of data points into clusters so that data points in a cluster are more alike than those in different clusters. Because there are no labels in the data that is incorporated into the algorithm, the algorithm must uncover these natural groups based on patterns in the features themselves, not on any idea of what the grouping should be.
Need for Cluster Analysis in Data Mining
The data gathered today, from retail sales, social media interactions, sensor networks, and much more, is often too large to have categories preattached to it. Analysts need to make sense of this raw, unlabelled data, and to do so they need to find structure in it that they would otherwise not be able to see in thousands or millions of individual records: hence the need for cluster analysis. Otherwise, there would be no way to manually search for patterns in such huge datasets.
Importance
| SESSION | JULY 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BCA |
| SEMESTER | V |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3107 CLOUD COMPUTING AND APPLICATIONS |
SET-I
Q.1. Explain the evolution of cloud computing and discuss its major benefits and barriers. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Evolution of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing didn’t suddenly come into existence but has a number of previous concepts in computing that coalesced into what it is today. It dates back to the days of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 1970s when many users had access to a single powerful computer, because they were too expensive to have one for every organisation. This notion of computing over a shared centralised set of computing resources was the conceptual foundation for what cloud computing is.
Growth Through Virtualisation and the Internet
The next huge push was when virtualisation technology became popular in the 1990s and early 2000s, where a single physical server was split into multiple virtual machines that operate as if there were multiple computers. At approximately the same time, the Internet was fast and reliable enough to move large volumes of information around with ease, making it feasible to store and access computing resources remotely as well as locally. The two go hand-in-hand, forming the technical basis for the modern cloud services.
Arrival of Modern Cloud Platforms
It was the advent of companies such as Amazon, Google and Microsoft that offered computing power, storage and software as a service that anyone could access on the internet, paying only for what they used, that really popularized the term. Amazon Web Services was introduced in the mid 2000s, and it’s considered to have pioneered this as-a-service approach — in turn, a host of other big tech firms followed suit, making cloud computing a common business tool.
Major Benefits of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing has a number of practical benefits. Organisations don’t need to buy and run costly hardware as they only pay for the resources they use. Scalability enables businesses to scale up or down on computing resources based on demand as and when required, without any wait for new physical equipment. Accessibility is also a big advantage, as cloud services can be accessed from any location with an internet connection, facilitating remote work and collaboration across the globe. The redundancy is also increased, since most cloud services have multiple data centres, minimizing the risk of complete service outages.
Major Barriers to Cloud Computing
Nevertheless, there are some challenges associated with cloud computing. Security and privacy are important issues as well because data is not stored in an organisation’s own premises, but on servers of a third party. Another drawback is reliance on internet connection; when you have an internet connection interruption, you can’t use the cloud service. Another worry is vendor lock in, the process of transferring data and applications from one cloud provider to another may be technically challenging and expensive. Compliance with various countries’ data protection laws also poses a challenge, especially
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Q.2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of public, private, hybrid, and community clouds. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Public Cloud
Public cloud services are those offered on the public cloud by a third party provider, such as Amazon, Google or Microsoft, who provides computing resources for multiple customers simultaneously. The greatest benefit here is that there is no initial hardware expense and businesses only pay for the resources they use. It also has a high degree of scalability, allowing organisations to scale up and use it more when needed. The downside is that shared infrastructure can potentially compromise data security and provide an organisation with less control over how
Q.3. Explain Docker and Kubernetes and discuss their roles in container management. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Meaning of Docker
Docker is a platform that can be used to package up an application into a container with everything it needs to run in it, including libraries, dependencies, and configuration settings. The beauty of this is that a container will perform exactly the same way whether it’s running on a developer’s laptop, a testing server or a production cloud environment because it brings its own complete runtime environment with it and doesn’t rely on what is installed on the host machine.
SET-II
Q.4. Explain Service Level Agreements (SLAs) in cloud computing and discuss their major components. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Meaning of Service Level Agreements
A Service Level Agreement (known as an SLA) is an agreement between the CSP and the customer that specifies exactly what level of service it gives the customer. Cloud Computing means using another company’s infrastructure, so an SLA provides the customer with a definite, documented performance, availability and support statement, and avoids vague or implicit assumptions. It also explains what will occur should the provider not achieve these stated standards.
Q.5. Explain the role of AI and Machine Learning in Cloud Computing with suitable examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Connection Between AI, ML, and Cloud Computing
AI and ML need a lot of computing power and large volumes of data to train effective models, which many organisations may not be able to afford to have on site. Cloud computing addresses this by providing access to powerful processing capabilities, including specialized hardware such as graphics processing units, on demand, which means that businesses can leverage complex AI and ML workloads without having to purchase and maintain costly infrastructure. This connection has opened the door to sophisticated AI capabilities for many more organisations than ever before.
Scalable Infrastructure for Training
Q.6. Discuss the relationship between data security, privacy, and access management. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Meaning of Data Security
Data security is the process of technical and procedural measures that are implemented to ensure that data is protected from unauthorized access, theft, or corruption. This usually means that data is encrypted, meaning the data can be unreadable unless a proper key is present, as well as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, and regular security audits to look for vulnerabilities in the system before they can be used.
Meaning of Data Privacy
Data privacy is
| SESSION | JULY 2026 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | V |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3108 APTITUDE AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT |
SET-I
Q.1. a) A train covers a total distance of 1200 km. It travels the first 300 km at a speed of 60 km/hr, the second 300 km at 100 km/hr, the third 300 km at 150 km/hr, and the final 300 km at 300 km/hr. Determine the average speed of the train for the entire journey. b) A man completes a work in 12 days and another man completes the same work in 18 days. How many days will they take to complete the work together? (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Concept of Average Speed
The average speed for a trip that is done in several stages at different speeds is not the arithmetic mean of the different speeds. It is equal to the total distance travelled divided by the total time spent for the entire journey. Because the distance is the same through each of these stages but at different rates, the time for each stage must be determined separately before an average speed for the total distance and time can be calculated. This method provides us with an accurate indication of the average speed of the train as it had varying speeds on different
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Q.2. Explain the concept of number series and alphabet series with suitable examples. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Meaning of Number Series
A number series is a series of numbers arranged in a specific pattern or in accordance with a specific rule and the task is to find the missing numbers in the series or predict the next number in the series by identifying the pattern or rule. Patterns may be formed by simple addition or subtraction between two successive terms, by multiplying or dividing by a constant, or by more elaborate rules, such as square or cube, or a combination of two different patterns interlaced.
Common Types
Q.3. Contrast the procedural programming paradigm with Object-Oriented Programming. Provide a comprehensive explanation of the four foundational pillars of OOP: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Procedural Programming Paradigm
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm that structures a program as a series of steps, typically defined in functions or procedures that act on data provided to them. The data and functions that manipulate the data are stored separately, so that any function within the program can access and change shared data. It works fine with small simple programs, but is difficult to handle as the program becomes larger, as changes in data found in one section of the program can have
SET-II
Q.4. Explain the critical role of body language in a professional setting. How do specific elements like eye contact, posture, and gestures contribute to creating a positive first impression, and how can poor body language undermine an otherwise strong verbal performance? (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Importance of Body Language in Professional Settings
Communication in the workplace isn’t just about the spoken word. Body language, including facial expressions, posture, gestures and eye contact, accounts for a considerable portion of what any message has to say. Body language is a very important skill to learn because in many instances, it can create an impression before listeners have absorbed the message of the speech, such as during an interview, a
Q.5. Explain the role of functions in achieving modularity and code reusability in C programming. Compare and contrast the memory mechanics of “call by value” versus “call by reference”. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Role of Functions in Modularity
A function is a block of code in C that is self contained and performs a specific task. Modular programming is based on the idea of dividing a large program into smaller functions that perform a single, well-defined task. This design is much easier to read, debug and maintain since a problem can typically be found in a single function instead of having to track through hundreds of lines of interspersed logic.
Role of Functions in Code Reusability
After writing and testing, a function
Q.6. Explain in detail Linked List, Stack and Queue Data Structure. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Linked List
A linked list is a linear data structure that consists of nodes, each of which contains data and a reference to the next node in the list. Unlike an array, the elements of a linkedlist are not stored in contiguous memory locations; so it becomes easier to insert or remove elements from a linkedlist as compared to an array (insertion and deletion becomes generally more efficient than in an array). The downside is that accessing a node in the list requires traversing the list from the start, as there is no direct access to a node within the list, like an array index.
Types of