| SESSION | NOVEMBER 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2101 COMPUTER ORIENTED NUMERICAL METHODS |
SET-I
Q1.
Show that: (a)
(b)
Ans 1.
(a)
Proof:
- Using the definitions of finite difference operators:
- Midpoint operator
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Q2.
Find Lagrange’s interpolation polynomial fitting the points:
Hence find .
Ans 2.
Step 1: Lagrange’s Interpolation Polynomial
The Lagrange interpolation formula is:
where
Q.3.
Evaluate , given the following table of values:
Ans 3.
We use Newton’s Divided Difference Interpolation formula to evaluate .
Step 1: Divided Difference Table
- Construct the divided difference table:
- , and so on.
Q4.
Find the equation of the best-fitting straight line for the data:
Ans 4.
We use the method of least squares to find the equation of the best-fitting straight line:
Step 1: Formulas
- Slope ():
- Intercept ():
Q5. For what values of and does the following system of equations have:
- A unique solution
- An infinite number of solutions
- No solution
Given system:
Ans 5.
The general system of equations can be written in matrix form:
where
Step 1: Check
Q6.
Find the solution for using an interval length of with Euler’s method to solve:
Ans 6.
Step 1: Euler’s Method Formula
Euler’s method is given by:
| SESSION | NOVEMBER 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | 3 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2102 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM |
Set – I
- What do you mean by cardinality? What are the different types of Cardinalities in RDBMS? Explain by giving suitable example.
Ans 1.
Cardinality in RDBMS
In the context of a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values in a column or the nature of the relationships between tables in a database. It provides an understanding of how data is connected and the number of elements involved in the relationships.
Cardinality is critical for
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- What do you mean by Entity Integrity Constraint and Referential Integrity Constraint. Explain by giving suitable example.
Ans 2.
Entity Integrity Constraint and Referential Integrity Constraint
Database integrity is a fundamental concept in relational database systems, ensuring that the data stored is accurate, consistent, and reliable. Two key types of constraints that uphold this integrity are the Entity Integrity Constraint and the Referential Integrity Constraint. Both play critical roles in maintaining the logical
- Explain the important properties of transactions that a DBMS must ensure to maintain data in the face of concurrent access and system failures
Ans 3.
Properties of Transactions in DBMS
In a Database Management System (DBMS), a transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of work. Transactions are critical for ensuring data consistency and reliability, especially in scenarios involving concurrent access or system failures. To achieve these objectives, DBMS follows the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability
Set – II
- Discuss different Operations in Relational Algebra? Explain each operation by giving suitable example.
Ans 4.
Operations in Relational Algebra
Relational Algebra is a formal query language in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). It provides a set of operations to manipulate and retrieve data from relational tables. These operations are categorized into basic operations (such as selection, projection, and Cartesian product) and set operations (such as union, intersection, and difference). Each operation produces a new relation, which can be further manipulated, enabling flexible query compositi
- What do you mean by Normalization? What are the different Normal Forms. Explain by giving suitable example.
Ans 5.
Normalization and Its Normal Forms
Normalization is a systematic process in database design aimed at organizing data to minimize redundancy and avoid anomalies such as insertion, deletion, and update issues. The primary objective of normalization is to ensure data consistency and optimize storage by dividing larger tables
- What do you mean by Fragmentation? What are the different types of fragmentation. Explain by giving suitable example. 2+6+2
Ans 6.
Fragmentation in Database Management Systems
Fragmentation refers to the process of dividing a database into smaller, manageable pieces called fragments. These fragments are stored across multiple locations or systems in a distributed database. Fragmentation improves performance, availability, and scalability by allowing queries to access only relevant fragments instead of the entire database.
The goal of fragmentation is to ensure
| SESSION | NOVEMBER 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2103 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION |
SET-I
- What do you mean by addressing modes? List the different types of addressing modes. 5+5
Ans 1.
Addressing Modes in Computer Organization
In computer organization, addressing modes refer to the methods used to specify the location of an operand (data) that the CPU needs to process. Addressing modes are an essential aspect of a computer’s instruction set architecture as they determine how data is accessed in memory or registers. They help the CPU fetch the required data, making programming more flexible and efficient. The choice of addressing
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- What are the functions of the control unit? Explain.
Ans 2.
Functions of the Control Unit in Computer Organization
The Control Unit (CU) is a vital component of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a computer system. It acts as the coordinator, directing the operation of the computer by managing and controlling the flow of data between the CPU and other hardware components such as memory, input/output devices, and storage units. The control unit ensures that the instructions provided by a
- Explain the concept of memory interleaving.
Ans 3.
Concept of Memory Interleaving
Memory interleaving is a technique used in computer systems to improve the performance of memory access operations by dividing memory into multiple modules and distributing data across these modules. It addresses the issue of memory access bottlenecks, which arise when the CPU must wait for memory to respond during read or write operations. By enabling parallel access to multiple memory modules, memory interleaving significantly enhances system throughput and reduces latenc
SET-II
- Write a note on DVD.
Ans 4.
A Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) is an optical storage medium widely used for storing data, videos, and other digital content. It was developed in the mid-1990s as an evolution of the Compact Disc (CD), offering significantly higher storage capacity and better data reliability. DVDs gained popularity due to their ability to store high-quality video and audio, making them a primary medium for movies, software distribution, and data storage for personal and professional use.
DVDs are similar in physical appearance to CDs, with a standard diameter of 12 centimeters. However, their
- Describe briefly PCI bus and its importance.
Ans 5.
PCI Bus and Its Importance
The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus is a high-speed communication system that connects various components of a computer, such as the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. Introduced by Intel in the early 1990s, PCI became a standard interface for adding expansion cards, such as graphics cards, sound cards, network adapters, and storage controllers, to desktop
- Differentiate between multiprocessing and multiprogramming. 5+5
Ans 6.
Multiprocessing vs. Multiprogramming
Multiprocessing and multiprogramming are two fundamental concepts in computer systems that deal with improving the utilization and performance of computing resources. While they share similarities in their goal to enhance system efficiency, they differ significantly in their implementation and purpose.
Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing refers to the use of two or more processors (CPUs) within a single computer system to execute multiple tasks simultaneously. In a multiprocessing system, each processor works on a different task
| SESSION | NOVEMBER 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHLOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2104 BASICS OF DATA COMMUNICATION |
SET-I
- Explain the seven layers of OSI model with suitable diagram
Ans 1.
Seven Layers of the OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and implement networking protocols in seven distinct layers. Each layer has specific responsibilities and interacts with the layers above and below it. This systematic approach enhances communication efficiency and interoperability between systems.
- Physical Layer
The Physical Layer is the foundation of the OSI model. It deals with the physical transmission of data over a
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2a. Differentiate between simple periodic analog signal and a composite periodic analog signal.
- Differentiate between parallel and serial transmission
Ans 2.
- Simple Periodic Analog Signal
A simple periodic analog signal is a single-frequency sine wave that oscillates at a constant rate. These signals are described mathematically by their amplitude, frequency, and phase. A key characteristic of simple periodic signals is that they are continuous and predictable, making them easy to analyze and understand. Examples of simple periodic analog signals include a pure tone generated by a tuning
3a. Describe line of sight transmission.
- Describe the structure of packet switches.
Ans 3.
- Line of Sight Transmission
Line of sight (LOS) transmission refers to a method of communication where a direct, unobstructed path exists between the transmitting and receiving devices. This type of transmission is commonly used in wireless communication technologies, such as microwave, infrared, and satellite communication systems. The effectiveness of LOS transmission relies heavily on the absence of physical barriers like buildings, mountains, or trees that can block or interfere with the signal.
In LOS transmission
SET-II
- Explain wavelength division multiplexing
Ans 4.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a critical technology in fiber optic communication that enables the simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams over a single optical fiber. By utilizing different wavelengths (or colors) of light, WDM allows for efficient use of the fiber’s bandwidth, significantly increasing its data-carrying capacity. This innovative approach has become a
- Explain high level data link control protocol (HDLC)
Ans 5.
High-Level Data Link Control Protocol (HDLC)
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) is a widely used communication protocol for managing and controlling data transmission over a network’s data link layer. As a protocol standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), HDLC ensures reliable and efficient data exchange between devices by providing mechanisms for framing, error detection, flow control, and synchronization. It is especially suited for point-to-point and multipoint
6a. Explain framing and four different framing method.
- Differentiate between switched ethernet and full duplex ethernet.
Ans 6.
- Framing and Four Different Framing Methods
Framing is a fundamental process in data communication that involves dividing a continuous stream of data into manageable units called frames. These frames are transmitted sequentially from the sender to the receiver. Framing is crucial for ensuring the integrity and efficiency of data transfer, as it allows the receiver to distinguish between individual messages and detect errors. Each frame typically contains a header, payload (data), and trailer, which includes error-checking