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SESSION |
JAN-FEB 2026 |
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PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
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SEMESTER |
I |
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COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM1108 FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING-1 |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Explain the various current assets and current liabilities of a business organization. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Current Assets
These are the assets of a business organization that can be converted into cash or cash equivalents over the span of a few months, usually within one accounting year or operating cycle whichever is longer. These assets are liquid in way and they are crucial for satisfying the daily operational demands of the company. They appear on the assets side of the balance sheet and are listed according to the list of
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Q.2. Explain the four main Accounting Conventions. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Accounting conventions are generally accepted practices and guidelines which accountants adhere to when preparing financial statements. They aren’t legally binding however, they have developed over time to ensure an uniformity, consistency, and comparability in financial reports. They assist in giving truthful and accurate information of a business’s financial performance. Four of the most popular accounting practices are Consistency, Full Disclosure, Materiality, Conservatism an
Q.3. Prepare a double-column Cash Book with cash and bank columns from the following transactions for the Month of March 2026. (10 Marks)
|
Date (March 2026) |
Particulars |
Amount in Rs |
|
1st |
Cash in hand |
25,000 |
|
1st |
Cash in Bank |
30,000 |
|
3rd |
Purchased goods for cash |
6,000 |
|
5th |
Deposited cash in bank |
10,000 |
|
8th |
Cash Sales |
12,000 |
|
10th |
Paid to Chandni by Cheque |
4,500 |
|
15th |
Sold goods to Ashok Mehta on credit |
4,000 |
|
16th |
Received cheque from Mahesh and deposited into bank the same day |
7,000 |
|
18th |
Received cheque from Arun Kumar and deposited into bank |
2,000 |
|
30th |
Purchased goods from Mr. Chopra on credit. |
5,000 |
|
31st |
Bank charges for the month |
400 |
Ans 3.
The Double Column Cash Book is an essential accounting record that records all transactions that are related to both cash and bank in a single book. It has two columns in each with one column for cash and another for bank making it easier to record receipts and payments efficiently. This type of cash book serves as both a journal and as a ledger. This reduces the requirement for separate accounts to store cash and bank balances.
In the section for debit in the book of cash the cash book, every receipt of cash and amounts deposited into the
Assignment Set – 2
Ans 4.
- a) Straight Line Method (SLM)
The Straight Line Method, also known as”the Fixed Instalment Method or Original Cost Method is among the most frequently used methods for calculating depreciation on stationary assets. Under this method, the same amount of depreciation will be charged each year over the duration of the asset so that the asset is totally written off by the date of the estimated life. The formula used to calculate annual
Q.5. From the following information, Prepare the Trading and Profit and Loss Account of Supreme Soul & Sons for the year ended 31st March 2025, in proper format, clearly mentioning the Gross profit and Net profit for the year ended 31st March 2025. Closing stock was valued at Rs 200,000.
|
Particulars |
Amount |
Particulars |
Amount |
|
Opening stock |
100,000 |
Sales |
7,20,000 |
|
General Expenses |
20,000 |
Purchases Returns |
5,000 |
|
Purchases |
400,000 |
Creditors |
50,000 |
|
Carriage outward |
20,000 |
Capital |
360,000 |
|
Wages |
90,000 |
Carriage Inwards |
5,000 |
|
Salaries |
50,000 |
Drawings |
40,000 |
|
Office Rent |
50,000 |
Debtors |
3,00,000 |
|
Sales returns |
10,000 |
Advertising |
20,000 |
|
Machinery |
70,000 |
Cash |
40,000 |
Ans 5.
The Trading and Profit and Loss Account is made to evaluate the financial performance of a business within a certain accounting period. It’s split in two sections of the trading Account as well as the Profit and Loss Account.
This Trading Account is prepared to determine the Gross Profit or Gross Loss. It covers all direct costs and revenues
Q.6. Explain the meaning and features of the Receipt and Payment account prepared by Not-for-Profit organisations and also explain how it is different from the Cash book. (6+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Receipt and Payment Account
A Payment and Receipt Account is a summary of all cash and bank transactions of a Not-for-Profit Organisation for a specific accounting period. These organizations, such as clubs charitable trusts, hospitals, and educational institutions were established in order to supply services rather than making money. Thus, instead of making trading and Profit and Loss Accounts they prepare a Receipt and payment account.
This account is a condensed form of the Cash Book. It begins with the beginning balance of cash and bank accounts for all receipts made
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
|
SEMESTER |
I |
|
COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM1110 PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Classify the three types of managerial skills with example. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Management requires a wide range of skills to organize, plan as well as manage the organisation’s resources efficiently. Robert L. Katz classified managerial competencies in three broad categories: technical abilities, human capabilities as well as conceptual abilities. Each type is essential for different levels of management and plays an important role in organisational success.
Technical Skills
Technical skills refer to the
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Q.2. Describe the types of systems. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of systems approach. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Types of Systems
A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent components working together to achieve an end goal. Systems can be classified into two main categories.
Open systems interact with its external environment by receiving inputs and producing outputs. It is influenced by changing conditions within its environment. Businesses are open systems due to the fact that they draw in sources like labour, raw materials and capital from their environment and then release the outputs, such as items
Q.3. Describe the steps in strategic planning. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Strategic planning is the method by which an organisation defines its long-term direction, sets objectives, sets priorities, and allocates resources and develops a plan for achieving its goals. It offers a specific framework for decision-making and helps an organization to adapt to ever-changing environment. Strategic planning follows a series of systematic steps that ensure the plan is attainable effective, relevant and actionable.
Defining Mission and
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Explain the importance and limitations of planning in an organisation. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Importance of Planning
Planning is the main and fundamental job of management. It is the basis on where all the other management tasks such as staffing, organizing managing, directing, and controlling are based. Without a strategy, management actions are not guided by a purpose or direction. A plan provides clear evidence of direction by defining objectives and defining the exact steps to attain the goals. It also ensures that every person and department within the organisation works toward common objectives rather
Q.5. Distinguish between Centralisation and Decentralization. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Centralisation and decentralisation refer to the degree at which the authority to make decisions is situated or dispersed across an organization. Both represent opposite ends of a spectrum. Each offers distinct advantages, characteristics and drawbacks, which make them suitable for different organisational contexts and environments.
Centralisation
Q.6. Differentiate between Recruitment and Selection. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Selection and Recruitment are two interlinked, however distinct processes for managing human resources. They are both part of the hiring purpose, which aims to seek out, analyze and recruit the most suitable candidates for job vacancies. Though they’re often discussed as a team, the two functions differ in
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE |
|
SEMESTER |
IV |
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COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM2201 INDIRECT TAXES |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. a. Xing ltd. sells a package that includes: i. A Laptop (exclusive of GST 28%) ₹50,000 ii. A software subscription (for 1 year) (exclusive of GST 12%) ₹10,000 iii. An extended warranty service (for 1 year) (exclusive of GST 5%) ₹2,000. The total price for this package is Rs. 62,000. Determine the tax liability for this supply. b. Mention the causes of adoption of GST system. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
- A) Assessment of Tax Liability for Supply of Composite or Mixed
The first thing to do is identify whether the bundle is the term “composite supply” or mixed sale under the GST framework. In accordance with Section 8(1) of CGST Act, 2017, the term “combined supply” refers to a supply consisting of two or more taxable products that are naturally packaged and sold concurrently in the course of business where one element is considered to be an essential
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Q.2. Discuss the provisions of GST related to determination of time of Supply of goods with example. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
The supply date determines the point at which the tax liability becomes due pursuant to GST. This is crucial because it determines the time that the taxpayer has to pay tax and file returns. The section 12 in the CGST Act, 2017 deals with the supply time of products.
General Rule for
Q.3. Determine the place of supply and applicable taxes in the following cases: I. M/s A Ltd. (Delhi) places an order with M/s B Ltd. (Mumbai) to deliver goods directly to M/s C Ltd. (Chennai). II. An Indian dance troupe (registered in Delhi) performs in Dubai for an event organized by a Dubai-based company. III. A passenger books a bus ticket from Delhi to Jaipur. IV. Mr. Sharma from Punjab books a hotel room in Goa through an online travel portal. V. M/s Delhi Traders (Delhi) sells a machine to M/s Gurugram Engineers (Haryana). The machine is located at a warehouse in Delhi and handed over there itself. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
The rules for supply in place of the IGST Act, 2017 determine the states in which GST is to be levied and determine the allocation of tax revenues between the government of the central and state levels. These provisions apply as follows:
Case I – Bill to
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. a. Discuss the concept of ‘Input Tax Credit’ with example. b. Outline the concept of Blocked credit. Mention goods and services on which ITC is blocked. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
- a) Input Tax Credit
The Input Tax Credit (ITC) is the method within the GST system that permits a registered person to reduce the tax owed on the output supply in proportion to the tax already paid on input services, input inputs and capital goods employed in the furtherance of commercial activities. The goal in the
Q.5. Explain the concept of value of supply and what are the items to be included and not to be included in the transaction value as per section 15 of CGST Act 2017? (4+3+3 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Concept of Value of Supply
The value of supply is the foundation upon the which GST is calculated. In accordance with Section 15 of the CGST Act, 2017, the value of the supply is called the transaction value, which is the price actually to be paid or liable for the purchase of goods or services when the suppliers and the recipient do not share a common bond and the price is the sole consideration. The value of the transaction is the initial point for computing GST liabilities. It is the arm’s-length value of a commercial transaction. This is considered as the amount of supply without any further adjustment, provided
Q.6. Compute the customs duty liability as per the provision of the Customs Act 1962 from the following information: FOB price of Imported machinery US$ 21,200; Ocean Freight US$ 2,200; Insurance US$ 600; Exchange Rate 1 US$ = Rs. 75; Basic Customs Duty 10%; Social Welfare Surcharge 10%; IGST 18%. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Computation of Customs Duty Liability
According to the Customs Act, 1962, the customs duty is calculated on the Customs Value (CIF Value) of imported merchandise. This CIF Value is the Cost of the goods (FOB) and Insurance plus freight. All values are initially changed to Indian Rupees at the exchange rate announced by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE |
|
SEMESTER |
IV |
|
COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM2203 CORPORATE ACCOUNTING |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. (a) Explain the objectives of corporate accounting and discuss the importance of Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013 in preparation of financial statements. (b) From the following particulars, prepare a Statement of Profit & Loss (extract): Revenue from operations ₹5,00,000; Cost of goods sold ₹3,00,000; Administrative expenses ₹50,000; Finance cost ₹20,000; Tax rate 30%. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
- a) Objectives of Corporate Accounting and Schedule III
Corporate accounting refers to the systematic recording, report, and study of financial transactions in firms that have been incorporated under Companies Act. The primary objectives of corporate accounting comprise providing accurate financial information to shareholders and other stakeholders as well as ensuring compliance with relevant laws and accounting guidelines, facilitating comparison of performance in different periods as well as with peers in the industry, as well as assisting the management with the planning and budgeting process, as well as taking strategic decision
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Q.2. (a) Explain the significance of a cash flow statement and distinguish between operating, investing, and financing activities. (b) From the following, calculate Cash from Operating Activities (Indirect Method): Net Profit before tax ₹1,00,000; Depreciation ₹20,000; Increase in Debtors ₹10,000; Decrease in Creditors ₹5,000. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
- a) Significance of Cash Flow Statement
A Cash Flow Statement, prepared as per AS-3 (Revised) in addition to AS 7, shows the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents over an accounting period. Its significance lies in revealing the actual liquidity situation of a company that may be different from the profits reported within the Profit and LOSS Account. Profitable companies may have to face liquidity issues if they do not effectively manage its working capital. A cash flow report can assist creditors, investors, and
Q.3. (a) Explain the concept of forfeiture and reissue of shares and its accounting treatment. (b) A company forfeits 100 shares of ₹10 each (₹8 called, ₹6 paid). These shares are reissued at ₹7 per share. Pass journal entries. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
- a) Forfeiture and Reissue of Shares
Shares are forfeited when the shareholder is not able to pay the amount called for shares on the due date, and the firm, following the deadline gives notice to cancel the allotment. It considers the money already paid as forfeited. According to the Articles of Association must authorise forfeiture. In the event of forfeiture, the company alters the capital of its shares by debiting the Share Capital account with the called-up amount, credits the accounts for calls-in-arrears with the
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. (a) Explain the sinking fund method for redemption of debentures and its advantages. (b) A company has ₹1,00,000 debentures to be redeemed after 2 years. It creates a sinking fund with annual contribution ₹40,000. Investment earns ₹5,000 interest. Calculate total fund available at redemption. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
- a) Sinking Fund Method
The sinking fund method is a systematic approach to accumulating funds for the redemption of debentures upon the completion the term. With this approach, the business reserves a specific annual cash sum from its profits (charged to the Profit and Loss Account) which is transferred into an Sinking Fund or Debenture Redemption Fund. It is then invested in safe, liquid security (external investment). Over the course of the debt, the debentures grow thanks to annual contributions and the
Q.5. (a) Explain the net asset method and yield method of valuation of shares. (b) A company has net assets worth ₹5,00,000 and 10,000 equity shares. Calculate value per share. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
- a) Methods of Valuation of Shares
Valuation of shares is required in a number of situations, such as amalgamation, absorption, change of shares from debentures buybacks, sales of an enterprise, gift or estate valuations for tax reasons.
Net Asset Method (Intrinsic Value Method) Methodology: In this case, the value per share is determined by dividing the net assets of the company attributable for equity investors by the amount of shares in equity. Net assets are computed as the total assets minus all external liabilities (including
Q.6. (a) Explain internal reconstruction and reduction of share capital with its objectives. (b) A company reduces share capital from ₹10 to ₹8 per share on 1,000 shares. Pass journal entry. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
- a) Internal Reconstruction and Reduction of Share Capital
Internal reconstruction is an approach to reorganizing the financial structure of a company with no winding up the company or creating a brand new business and is different from external reconstruction that is the process of creating new entities. The procedure is used after a company has built up losses, overvalued assets, fake assets, or an unsound capital structure, which has to be rectified to ensure its financial viability. Current shareholders carry the costs of rebuilding by giving up their
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SESSION |
JAN-FEB 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
|
SEMESTER |
V |
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COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3101 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING |
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Set – 1
Q.1. Describe the concept of marginal costing. Enlist the advantages and limitations of marginal costing. (2+4+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Concept of Marginal Costing
Marginal costing, also referred as direct or variable costing is a costing method in which only variable costs are charged to the cost unit or product to be the production cost and fixed expenses are regarded as cost of production and are wiped out completely against any contribution made during the time period when they are incurred. The fundamental principle of marginal costing rests on the concept of marginal cost. It can be defined as an additional costs incurred to produce one additional unit of output. Since fixed costs remain constant regardless of the amount of production, the marginal cost of the extra unit comprises solely variable costs, such as direct material, direct labour,
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Q.2. The competing companies, S Ltd. and R Ltd., produce and sell the same type of product in the same market. For the year ended March 2023, their forecasted profit and loss accounts are as follows: [S Ltd.: Sales Rs.6,00,000; Variable Cost Rs.4,00,000; Fixed Cost Rs.1,00,000; Total Cost Rs.5,00,000; Profit Rs.1,00,000]. [R Ltd.: Sales Rs.6,00,000; Variable Cost Rs.4,50,000; Fixed Cost Rs.50,000; Total Cost Rs.5,00,000; Profit Rs.1,00,000]. You are required to calculate: 1. P/V ratio and Break-even in sales (Rs.) of both the firms. 2. State volume at which each business will earn a profit of Rs.60,000. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
P/V Ratio and Break-Even Analysis
The P/V Ratio shows the relation between sales and contribution. It shows the percentage of every sales rupee is available to cover fixed expenses, and also generate profits. An increase in the P/V ratio is a sign of better earning capacity and greater effectiveness in managing costs, due to the fact that a greater
Q.3. Explain the points of differentiation of management accounting with cost accounting and financial accounting. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Management Accounting vs Cost Accounting
Management accounting is a larger field that includes cost accounting as well as covers a wide range of making, planning and management activities like budgeting, evaluation of financial performance as well as strategic planning. Cost accounting, by contrast, focuses specifically on the precise record, classification, distribution and evaluation of the cost related to the manufacturing of services and goods. Cost accounting provides the cost data that management accounting makes use
Set – 2
Q.4. Analyse the objectives of a funds flow statement and evaluate how a funds flow statement differs from a cash flow statement. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Objectives of a Funds Flow Statement
A funds flow statement or statement of sources and the application of funds or statement on adjustments in working capital is a financial tool that records the movement of cash (changes of working capital)
Q.5. The comparative statements of Income and Financial position are given below. You are required to calculate the following ratios for both years: 1) Current ratio, 2) Acid test ratio, 3) Debtors’ Turnover Ratio, 4) Average collection period, 5) Stock turnover ratio. (Assume 360 days in a year.) (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Ratio Analysis – Concept and Significance
Ratio analysis can be a significant technique of analysis of financial statements which is utilized to determine the general performance and financial health of any business. It’s about examining the relation to various numbers in financial statements like the income statement as well as the balance sheet. In converting huge amounts of financial information into clear and meaningful connections,
Q.6. Describe the components of responsibility accounting. Also, explain the advantages and limitations of responsibility accounting. (2+4+4 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Components of Responsibility Accounting
Responsible accounting is a control system that focuses on the management of individual managers who are accountable for certain segments of the organization, and ensuring that every manager accountable for profits, revenues, and costs profit generated within their region of control. It is founded on the notion that managers are evaluated only on factors within their
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SESSION |
JAN-FEB 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
|
SEMESTER |
V |
|
COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3102 INVESTMENT OPTIONS AND MUTUAL FUNDS |
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Set – 1
Q.1. Compare and contrast equity shares and fixed income securities as investment avenues. Explain which option you would recommend for a risk-averse investor. (7+3 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Equity Shares as Investment
Equity shares form part of the ownership in a company. They entitle shareholders to an equal share of residual profits as well as assets following the time all prior claims have been met. Equity investors receive dividends that vary in amount and are not guaranteed as the board of directors determines the amount on profits at the discretion of the board based on the company’s financial position and future capital needs. The dividends earned from equity investments consist of two components which are: dividend income and capital appreciation. Capital appreciation occurs when prices of shares
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Q.2. Explain the factors influencing investment decisions of domestic retail investors. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors
The investment decisions of domestic retail investors in India are affected by an intricate interplay between financial, psychological, social and regulatory variables. Understanding these determinants is essential for financial experts, market regulators and those who want to enhance the effectiveness of retail investment decisions and channel household savings to productive capital creation.
Return and Risk
Q.3. a) Explain the term Beta and its relevance in investment decisions. b) Calculate the expected return using the CAPM formula. Given: Risk-free rate = 3%, Beta = 1.5, Expected return of the market = 9%. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
- a) Beta and Its Relevance in Investment Decisions
Beta is an indicator of systematic risk, which indicates the sensitivity of a security’s return to the changes in returns to the market. It indicates the amount an investment is likely to be able to move relative to a market index. One beta indicates a move in line with the market. Anything higher than 1 indicates greater volatility while a beta less than one indicates lower the risk of volatility. Beta focuses only on risks that are market-related and is not eliminated by diversification.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model in finance used to determine the expected return of an investment based on its systematic risk. It determines the relationship between risk and return by taking into
Set – 2
Q.4. Explain the features, advantages and challenges of real estate investments. (4+3+3 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Features of Real Estate Investments
Real estate investing involves the purchase, ownership, management lease, sale, or purchase of land and buildings for the purpose of generating profits, capital appreciation or both. Real estate is a tangible and immovable asset that occupies a unique position in the investment landscape because of its physical characteristics, local market characteristics as well as its double role of an investment asset as
Q.5. Elaborate on the derivative contracts of Forwards and Futures. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Derivative Contracts: Introduction
The derivative contracts of financial instrument whose value is derived from an underlying asset, index or rate and not by the nature that the instrument. The base asset could include equity shares, stock market indices, commodities, currencies, interest rates, and other financial instruments. They serve two main financial functions: hedging which involves reducing risk by using an offset in the derivative market; and speculation, where you can take position to benefit from expected price fluctuations. The derivatives market is a source of cost discovery, risk transfer, and market liquidity that will benefit the whole financial system.
Forward
Q.6. Evaluate the advantages and risks associated with investing in mutual funds, in the context of the geopolitical tensions arising from the Iran–US conflict. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Mutual Funds – Advantages
Mutual funds are professionally-managed group investment vehicles that collect money from large numbers of investors. They then invest the fund in a diversifying range of securities that are in line with the plan’s objectives for investment and the risk profile. The primary advantages of mutual fund investment makes them the ideal alternative for retail investors with limited knowledg
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
|
SEMESTER |
V |
|
COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3103 MONEY AND BANKING |
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Set – 1
Q.1. Discuss why general acceptability is an essential characteristic of money. How does it influence the utility of money? (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
General Acceptability as an Essential Characteristic of Money
General acceptability is the most essential and distinctive characteristic of money. This distinguishes it from all other physical items and financial instruments. To allow any object or item to function as money the item must be acknowledged by all the participants in the economic system as an appropriate medium for trade for goods, services, and settlement of debts with no hesitation. If it is not universally accepted, the primary function of the currency of exchange ceases completely and
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Q.2. Deposits are created by loans and loans are created by deposits. Explain this statement. Discuss the limitations of credit creations. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Deposits Created by Loans and Loans Created by Deposits
The assertion that deposits make loans, and loans generate deposits illustrates the basic mechanism behind credit creation within a contemporary banks that operate on fractional reserve. This reciprocal relationship lies at the core of how commercial banks expand the money supply far beyond the quantity of physical currency available, and a thorough understanding of it is crucial in understanding monetary
Q.3. Describe the Key Functions and Objectives of Banking Codes and Standard Board of India (BCSBI). (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI)
The Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI) was created in February of 2006 to be an independent, autonomous banking industry watchdog that was registered as a society in the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It was created by the Reserve Bank of India conceptualized BCSBI in response to the recommendations by the Committee on Procedures and Performance Audit of Public Services (CPPAPS) which was headed by S.S. Tarapore, recognizing the need for an independent body dedicated specifically to ensure that banks adhere to their steadfast standards for customer service regularly and with a sense of humour. BCSBI serves as the custodian of two
Set – 2
Q.4. Describe the qualitative instruments of monetary policy. How do these tools influence the money supply and interest rates. (4+6 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Qualitative Instruments of Monetary Policy
Quantitative instruments of monetary policies often referred to as selective credit controls, are instruments used to control the Reserve Bank of India to manage the nature, scope and the conditions of commercial banks, rather than directly controlling the overall quantity of cash in the market. In contrast to instruments that are quantitative, such as repo rates or the Cash Reserve Ratio
Q.5. Write a note on ‘New Bank Licensing Policy 2013’. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
New Bank Licensing Policy 2013
The New Bank Licensing Policy of 2013 was a landmark regulation initiative of the Reserve Bank of India that allowed for the fresh banking from the private sector in India following a gap of around ten years between the previous round of bank licenses in 2003-04. The RBI published the official guidelines to license new banks from the private sector on February 13, 2013 and invited applications from industrial houses, non-banking financial companies, and other eligible entities seeking to establish full-
Q.6. Define the Non-performing Assets (NPA). Explain the classification of NPA. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Definition of Non-Performing Assets (NPA)
A Non-Performing Asset (NPA) is a loan or advance in the books of a bank on which the borrower has stopped making scheduled interest payments or principal repayments for a specified period, making the asset non-income-generating for the lending bank. In India there is a Reserve Bank of India defines an asset as non-performing when an amount of interest, or principal payments remain in arrears for more than 90 days in respect of the term of loans. For agricultural loans, the
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SESSION |
JAN-FEB 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
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SEMESTER |
V |
|
COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3104 E-COMMERCE |
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Set – 1
Q.1. Explain the history of the internet. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Origins and Early Development of the Internet
The development of the internet has been one of the most transformational technological advancements in history, evolving from a classified military network of communication to the global civilian information infrastructure that supports all aspects of modern communication, commerce as well as knowledge exchange. The roots of the internet are traced to the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency, that established ARPANET in the year 1969. The network was open, decentralized network with a packet switcher that was created to preserve communication capabilities even following nuclear attacks with messages being routed
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Q.2. Discuss the E-Commerce framework architecture in details. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
E-Commerce Framework Architecture
E-commerce framework architecture refers to the complete multi-layered technical as well as business infrastructure that allows for electronic transactions in commerce over the internet. Knowing this structure is crucial for the creation of robust, scalable as well as secure online commerce platforms. The framework can be conceptualized as a system of interdependent layers that each provide foundational
Q.3. Discuss various types of Business model in details. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Business Models in E-Commerce
The e-commerce model business model defines the mechanism through how a company generates deliver, monetizes, and also captures profits from online commercial transactions, specifying who the customers are, what value they being provided, how transactions are made possible, and what
Set – 2
Q.4. Describe in detail third party payment processing. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Third Party Payment Processing
Third party payment processing refers to the use of specialized independent intermediary firms that oversee and facilitate electronic financial transactions between sellers and buyers for merchants on their behalf, making it unnecessary for merchants to establish direct connections to multiple banks and networks. Instead of creating individual merchant accounts for each card network and coordinating the complicated transactions on their own, firms join with a third party payment processor
Q.5. Explain the concept of internet marketing. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Concept of Internet Marketing
Internet marketing, often referred to as digital marketing or online marketing, refers to the practice of spreading awareness about brands, products, and services brands in order to attract audiences using internet-based channels, platforms, as well as technologies. It makes use of the interactivity, measurement and personalised capabilities of digital media. It allows you to communicate with potential clients at a large scale, with precisely targeted messages creating brand recognition, generating leads, driving conversions, and fostering long-term customer connections. Internet marketing differs than traditional marketing with respect to measurement in real-time, its
Q.6. Write in details about various types of m commerce. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce)
Mobile commerce, also known by the abbreviation m-commerce, is any transaction in commerce, information exchange, or the delivery of services that is carried out using handheld wireless devices, including tablets, smartphones and wearable devices. M-commerce comes from the fusion of mobile telecommuting and electronic commerce, extending the accessibility and reach of transactions via digital technology beyond the desktop computer to wherever users carry their mobile devices. India is one of the fastest growing markets for m-commerce, driven by the the Jio revolution,
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SESSION |
JAN-FEB 2026 |
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PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
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SEMESTER |
V |
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COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3105 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE |
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Set – 1
Q.1. Explain the different forms of the International factor movement. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
International Factor Movement
International factor movement is the trans-border movement of certain manufacturing factorsincluding capital, work, technology, and entrepreneurship and technology — from places which have a high supply and affordable to other countries in which they’re expensive and scarce. Like international trade which is transportation of items and services between countries, international factor movement involves the transfer of production elements themselves. The movement of factors and
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Q.2. Illustrate any five types of foreign aid. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Types of Foreign Aid
Foreign aid means the transfer of funds, such as funds, products, know-how, and military equipment from developed donor countries or international organisations to emerging or least developed recipient countries. Foreign aid has multiple concurrent goals, including relief for the needy as well as development and promotion impact on geopolitical issues along with security cooperation as well as support for recipient countries in meeting multilateral obligations. The type, conditions,
Q.3. Discuss the concept of globalization and its impact on international trade. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Concept of Globalization
Globalization is a complicated, multi-dimensional process of increasing the degree of cultural, economic technological and political connectivity and interdependence of nations, companies, and individuals throughout the world. The most relevant commercial aspect, includes gradual reduction, and eventually removal of obstacles to the freedom of movement of goods or services, capital technologies, and data beyond national borders. This has been facilitated by the deliberate liberalization of trade policies in the GATT as well as the WTO structure, as well as technological innovations on transportation, which drastically cut the price of shipping products globally, as well as digital
Set – 2
Q.4. Elaborate the key components of International Banking. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
Key Components of International Banking
International banking is the term used to describe business and financial operations carried out by banks across borders that facilitate international trade, investments, as well as capital flow between different countries. With economies becoming more globally integrated, global banking has become a complex, sophisticated process that is vital to the functioning of the world economy. The
Q.5. Discuss the concept of the Balance of Payments and its key components. (3+7 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Concept of Balance of Payments
The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a complete statistical report which records every single one of the economic transactions between residents of the country and those around the globe during a specified period, typically 1 year or one quarter. Produced by central banks and statistics authorities in line with IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual standards It is the BoP is a comprehensive record of every trans-border transfer of products, services or income as well as financial assets. Its
Q.6. Summarize the contribution of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to global trade. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
GATT and Its Contribution to Global Trade
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a major international treaty, signed in Geneva on October 30, 1947, by a group of 23 signatories, which established the first broad multilateral system of regulations for international trade of merchandise. GATT originated from postwar economic structure of the international economy that was conceived at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 together with the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Initial plans were to form the International Trade Organization as a third Bretton Woods institution, but the ITO
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
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PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE |
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SEMESTER |
VI |
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COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3201 ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Examine the barriers to entrepreneurship in economic development and suggest suitable measures to overcome them. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Entrepreneurship is a vital engine for economic growth, creating jobs, encouraging innovations, producing wealth and accelerating structural transformation. However, numerous barriers inhibit entrepreneurial activity, particularly in developing economies like India. The ability to identify these barriers and prescribe appropriate solutions is critical to creating a strong entrepreneurial environment.
Financial Barriers
Access to finance is the main obstacle for young entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs who are new have no credit history along
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Q.2. Explain the concept, process, and techniques of creativity in entrepreneurship. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
The ability to create innovative, beneficial innovative and useful ideas by mixing existing knowledge in innovative ways, or by observing problems and opportunities from a variety of angles. In entrepreneurship, creativity isn’t just a creative characteristic, but an ability that enables entrepreneurs to identify potential markets, come up with new products and services, build competitive business models and resolve the complicated issues faced by all ventures in the beginning.
Concept of
Q.3. Discuss business opportunity identification and methods of generating business ideas. (10 Marks)
Ans 3.
Business opportunity recognition is the act of recognizing and analysing situations within markets where needs that are not met, emerging trends, or problems with the system create the possibility for a new venture to yield sustainable profits and value. It is the most critical and foundational skill of entrepreneurship and is the reason that even the highest quality execution can’t fix a fundamentally flawed
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Explain the meaning, importance, and components of a business plan. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
A business plan is a detailed writing document that details an idea for a new business venture or business activity, explaining the goals, strategies for achieving these goals, the financial resources needed along with budget projections to quantify the expected outcomes. It serves as both an internal roadmap for management as well as an external communication tool for getting investors, lenders and
Q.5. Analyze strategies for managing growth in new ventures. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
Controlling growth is among the biggest challenges faced by entrepreneurs who have launched their ventures. While growth is desirable, rapid expansion but can cause significant organizational, financial, and operational stress that could destroy businesses that don’t have the proper systems, leadership and the resources needed to grow efficiently. Deliberate growth management
Q.6. Explain various exit strategies available to entrepreneurs. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
An exit strategy is a strategy by which a business owner achieves the profit made by the business by selling ownership to another person or by distributing accumulated value to shareholders. Contrary to common belief that planning for an exit strategy is not a sign of intention to quit the business instead it signifies a logical thought regarding how the value of the venture is ultimately realised by its founders
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
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PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE |
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SEMESTER |
VI |
|
COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3202 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF AUDITING |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. Answer the following: a) Explain the limitations of financial audits. b) Explain the meaning and types of audit evidence. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
- a) Limitations of Financial Audits
A financial audit is the independent audit of financial statements to ascertain whether they present a true and fair view of financial standing. While it’s an important task, auditing has several significant limitations the users of the financial statements that have been audited must be aware of.
An audit, in the first place, is conducted through a limited examination of data rather than thorough verification of each transaction. Auditors employ sampling techniques and this implies that any errors or frauds in transactions that have not been examined are often not discovered. Additionally, audits can verify only what is registered in the books. not recorded transactions, off-book deals as well as
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Q.2. Describe the procedures an auditor should follow while verifying and valuing fixed assets of a business enterprise. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Fixed assets are tangible items owned by an organisation for use in operations rather than for resale. They are a part of the verification process and an integral part of review of the balance sheet since fixed assets usually make up a significant percentage of organisational assets. The auditor must verify both the existence and the proper valuation for fixed assets.
Physical
Q.3. Write brief notes on: a) Internal Check. b) Benefits of Audit Programme. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
- a) Internal Check
Internal check is a system of organization in which the performance of a person is automatically monitored continuously by a different person during the course of their duties. The primary objective of internal checking is to detect and prevent errors and frauds at the time of their execution, by dispersing related duties among different employees so that nobody is in complete control of any operation from beginning to end.
The essential features of a good internal check system is the division of tasks so that functions that are incompatible
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Discuss the qualifications and disqualifications of an auditor of a Public limited company. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
The appointment of a competent and independent auditor is crucial to the reliability of the financial reporting system. It is the Companies Act, 2013, as well as the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 both govern the qualifications and who is not qualified to serve as the statutory auditor of any public
Q.5. Analyse the chief points to keep in mind while undertaking the Audit of Clubs. (10 Marks)
Ans 5.
The clubs are non-profit organizations created mostly to support activities that are social, cultural, recreation or sports activities for their members. Audits for clubs differ in comparison to the audit of commercial entities in several important ways, due to their unique organisational structure in terms of sources of money, and the type of transactions. The auditor who is performing the
Q.6. Elaborate on the challenges in auditing the books of local bodies. (10 Marks)
Ans 6.
Local bodies, such as municipal councils, municipal corporations panchayats, urban development authorities, and port trusts perform important public duties and are charged with large public budgets. The auditing of the financial statements of local bodies presents distinctive challenges which differ from those who audit commercial companies or other public sector organizations.
Multiple Regulatory
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
|
PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE |
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SEMESTER |
VI |
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COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3203 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. (i) Explain the SWOT analysis and steps involved in the application. (ii) Describe the instruments of monetary policy. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
(i) SWOT Analysis and Steps in Application
SWOT Analysis can be described as a strategic method of planning that helps to determine the strengths, weaknesses Opportunities, and Threats facing an organisation or a business initiative. It provides a structured approach to assess both the internal strengths of an organisation and the external context in which it operates, enabling informed strategic decision-making.
Strengths are internal positive attributes that give the organisation an advantage over competitors, such as brand reputation or proprietary technology, a highly skilled workforce, or cost efficiency. Weaknesses are internal limitations or deficiencies that place the organisation on the wrong side of competition like high levels of credit, limited geographical coverage, or outdated product line
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Q.2. Write a short note on the given topics: (i) Changing profile of the Indian economy (ii) Influence of culture on communication and decision-making. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 2.
(i) Changing Profile of the Indian Economy
The Indian economy has undergone a dramatic structural transformation over the past three decades, transitioning from a predominantly agrarian, government-controlled economy to a diversified, services-led, and increasingly market-oriented system. In the past prior to 1991, the Indian economy was
Q.3. (i) Describe the characteristics of a mixed economy. (ii) Explain the role of Foreign Direct Investment. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 3.
(i) Characteristics of a Mixed Economy
The mixed economy is a blend of free market capitalism and government-directed socialism. This allows the market to distribute most resources while reserving a regulatory as well as direct investment role to the state in certain sectors. India operates as a mixed economy, as do most developed nations.
Important characteristics are the coexistence between the public and private sectors, where private enterprises operate competitively throughout the entire spectrum of industry, while public-owned firms
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. (i) Discuss the different laws impacting the business in India. (ii) “An ideal economy is based on three principles”. Elaborate the statement. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 4.
(i) Laws Impacting Business in India
The business environment in India is guided by a broad legal framework that includes operation, formation, labour relations, taxation as well as environmental compliance and commercial conduct. In the Companies Act, 2013, Companies Act, 2013 governs incorporation, management, governance and the dissolution of firms and imposes obligations on auditors, directors, and shareholders. The Goods and Services Tax law that consists of CGST, SGST, and IGST Acts governs indirect
Q.5. (i) Describe the crisis of June 1991. (ii) Discuss the benefits of privatization. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 5.
(i) The Crisis of June 1991
The balance of payments as well as the financial crisis of 1991 was the worst economy-related crisis in India’s independence past and served as the catalyst for the massive liberalisation reforms that transformed the Indian economy in the following three decades. In mid-91 Indian reserves for foreign exchange were down to just two weeks’ worth of cover for imports and left the country without enough to finance essential imports of the industrial and petroleum products and even food. In the meantime, the deficit of current accounts had expanded dramatically, the fiscal deficit had grown into
Q.6. (i) Explain the concept of globalization and its benefits. (ii) Write a short note on the structure of WTO. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 6.
(i) Globalisation and Its Benefits
Globalisation is the process that involves increasing economic, social, cultural, and political globalisation of nations driven by the steady reduction in barriers to trade, investment as well as information exchange between national borders. This is the result of the increasing interdependence of national economies through the growth of global trade, trans-border financial flows, immigration, technology diffusion, and exchanges of culture. The pace of globalization has been accelerating dramatically in the past decade due to the reduction of trade tariffs under GATT as well as th
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SESSION |
JAN 2026 |
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PROGRAM |
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE |
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SEMESTER |
VI |
|
COURSE CODE & NAME |
DCM3204 DIRECT TAXES |
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Assignment Set – 1
Q.1. I. Elaborate on the definition of “Person” under the Income Tax Act, 1961. II. Distinguish between direct and indirect taxes with the help of any five relevant points. (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Ans 1.
- Definition of “Person” under the Income Tax Act, 1961
The word “Person” will be defined under section 2(31) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and it is given the broadest definition to guarantee that any entity with income gets out of the tax net. The term “person” refers to the following categories: (i) An Individual, meaning a natural human that is male, female, or transgender, either resident or non-resident. (ii) An Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), which is a unique Indian legal entity made up of those who are descended in linear order from one common ancestor as well as their wives and unmarried daughters; (iii) A Company according to the Companies Act, including both Indian companies and foreign companies; (iv) A Firm, including a Limited
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Q.2. Mr Ravi Sharma has the following income during the financial year 2024-25: 1. Income from business in Kolkata managed from the U.S.A., Rs. 25,000 2. Income from pension for services rendered in India received in London, Rs. 15,000 (Computed) 3. Income from assets in Myanmar was received in India at Rs. 10,000. 4. Profit from business in Sri Lanka deposited in a bank there, Rs. 15,000. 5. Income from the profession in Kenya was received there, and it was set up in India for Rs. 15,000. 6. Profit on sale of machinery in India received in Nepal, Rs. 10,000. 7. Interest on the U.K. government securities, half of which was received in India, Rs. 5,000. 8. Untaxed income of the previous year brought in India during the previous year was Rs. 40,000. Calculate the Gross Total Income of Mr Ravi Sharma for the assessment year 2025-26, if he is (i) Ordinarily resident, (ii) Not-ordinarily resident, (iii) Non-resident.
Ans 2.
Rules for Taxability Based on Residential Status
In the Income Tax Act, 1961, the taxability of income depends on the status of residence that the tax payer is in. An Ordinarily Resident (OR) is liable for tax for his worldwide incomewhich includes all income earned, arising, or received anyplace within the world. A Not Ordinarily Resident (NOR) is taxable on the income earned in India, income accruing or arising in India or arising generated by a control or profession set up in India. A Non-Resident (NR) is taxable solely on the amount of income earned or considered to have been taken in India or accruing or accruing in Ind
Q.3. Mr Yash was an employee of X Ltd. At the time of leaving X Ltd. He was paid Rs. 3,50,000 as a leave salary, out of which Rs. 77,000 were exempted u/s 10 (10AA). After some time, he joined Y Ltd. He received Rs. 4,12,200 as leave salary at the time of his retirement on 31.12.2025. Compute taxable leave salary by considering below information: 1. Salary from 1.3.2025 to 31.7.2025 Rs.22,600 2. Salary from 1.8.2025 to 31.12.2025 Rs.22,900 3. Duration of service: 14 years 4. Leave entitlement per year is 45 days. 5. Leave availed during service is 90 days. 6. Leave credit at retirement for 18 months.
Ans 3.
Exemption of Leave Salary under Section 10(10AA)
Salary for Leave (Leave Encashment) received at the time of retirement for a non-government employee is exempt from Section 10(10AA)(ii) in the amount of the least of the four limitations listed below. The remaining balance, after deducting the exemption already claimed from X Ltd. is taxable.
Step 1: Calculate Average Monthly Salary (Last 10 months)
Last 10
Assignment Set – 2
Q.4. Discuss the deductions expressly permitted in the computation of business income under the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961. (10 Marks)
Ans 4.
In the Income Tax Act, 1961 Profits and gains of a profession or business are figured under Section 28 to 44DB. Sections 30 through 37 explicitly permit deductions of specific expenses for business from the gross earnings for the purpose of calculating taxable business income. Only genuinely incurred business expenses are tax-deductible. The Act distinguishes between revenue expenses (fully tax-deductible) as well as capital expenditures (generally not deductible from income).
Q.5. Mr Arun Gupta provides the following information: He built a house in 2001-02 at the cost of Rs. 2 lakhs for self-residence. On 1st August 2023, he sold his house for Rs. 15,00,000 and purchased a new flat on 1st January 2024 for Rs. 5,00,000. Stamp fee paid Rs. 50,000 for registration. He paid 2% brokerage on the sales and purchase of the property. Compute capital gains. If the new flat is of Rs. 10 Lakhs, how much capital gains shall be taxed?
Ans 5.
Computation of Capital Gains for AY 2024-25
The house was purchased in 2001-02 and sold on 1st August 2023. Since it was held for more than 24 months, it is a Long-Term Capital Asset. Cost Inflation Index (CII) for 2001-02 = 100; CII for 2023-24 = 348 (as notified). Indexed Cost of Acquisition = Rs. 2,00,000 × (348 / 100) = Rs. 6,96,000.
Step 1: Compute Capital Gains
|
Particulars |
Amount (Rs.) |
|
Sale Price (Full Value of Consideration) |
15,00,000 |
|
Less: Brokerage on sale @ 2% of Rs. 15,00,000 |
30,000 |
|
Net Sale Consideration |
14,70,000 |
Q.6. Compute the Gross Total Income of Mr Rohan for the assessment year 2025-26 based on the given income and loss details. (10 Marks)
|
|
Income |
Losses |
|
Taxable income from salary |
2,42,000 |
– |
|
Income and loss from house property: |
|
|
|
House A |
1,15,000 |
– |
|
House B |
– |
3,30,000 |
|
Profit and Loss from Business: |
|
|
|
Business A |
2,28,000 |
– |
|
Business B |
– |
10,000 |
|
Business C (speculative) |
11,000 |
– |
|
Business D (speculative) |
– |
23,000 |
|
Capital Gains and Losses: |
|
|
|
Short–term capital gains |
6,000 |
– |
|
Short–term capital loss |
– |
28,000 |
|
Long–term capital gains |
12,500 |
– |
|
Income and loss from other sources: |
|
|
|
Income from card games |
13,000 |
– |
|
Loss from card games |
– |
7,010 |
|
Loss on maintenance of the horse race |
– |
6,000 |
|
Interest on securities |
4,000 |
– |
Compute the Gross Total Income of Mr Rohan for the assessment year 2025-26.
Ans 6.
Rules for Set-Off of Losses
The Income Tax Act, 1961, losses from one head may be set off against income of another head (inter-head set-off) with certain restrictions. Key rules: (1) House property loss is able to be offset against any other tax head that is up to. 2,000,000; the balance is carried forward. (2) Losses from business (non-speculative) can be offset against all income, excluding salaries and income from speculative sources. (3) Speculative business loss can be only set off against the speculative income of a business. (4) Capital loss that is short-term can be set off against both STCG as well as LTCG. Capital loss that is long-term can only be offset against LTCG. (5) loss from gambling games as well as horse race maintenance cannot be set off against any income. (6) Income