BCA DCA1107 PROGRAMMING IN C

Description

SESSION	JULY/SEPTEMBER 2025
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	I
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA1107 C PROGRAMMING

 

SET-I

 

 

Q1. Explain  the  role  of  format  specifiers  in  the  printf  function  in  C.  Provide  examples  of different format specifiers and their corresponding data types. 5+5          

Ans 1.

Role of Format Specifiers in printf() Function in C

In C programming, the printf() function is one of the most widely used functions for displaying output on the screen. It belongs to the stdio.h (standard input/output) library and is used to print data of different types in a formatted way. The format of output is controlled through format specifiers, which are placeholders that define the type of data being printed and how it should be displayed. Without proper format specifiers, the output would be ambiguous and may lead to logical or runtime errors.

Concept of Format Specifiers

A format specifier is a symbol that begins with a percentage sign % followed by a character that indicates the data type of the variable whose value is to be displayed. It instructs the compiler how to interpret the

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Q2a) Compare and contrast while and do-while loops in terms of execution flow and behaviour.

1. b) Differentiate between the break statement and the continue statement. 5+5

Ans 2.

(a) Comparison Between While and Do-While Loops

Loops in C enable repeated execution of statements while a logical condition remains true. Among them, the while and do-while loops are similar in structure but differ in when and how the condition is tested. Understanding their execution flow is essential for writing efficient control structures.

While Loop –

 

Q3. Explain the concept of arrays in C programming. How are arrays declared and initialized? Discuss with examples. 2+3+5

Ans 3.

Concept of Arrays in C Programming, Declaration, and Initialization

An array in C is a powerful data structure that allows the programmer to store multiple elements of the same data type in a single variable. Instead of creating separate variables for each value, arrays group related data together in continuous memory locations. This feature simplifies data manipulation and enhances efficiency when working with large sets of data, such as marks, temperatures, or records.

Concept of Arrays

An array can be defined

 

SET-II

 

Q4. Define a string. Explain how strings are declared and initialized in C. Describe various string handling functions with examples. 2+3+5      

Ans 4.

Strings in C – Definition, Declaration, and String Handling Functions

String

In C programming, a string is defined as a sequence of characters terminated by a null character (‘\0’). Unlike some modern languages, C does not have a separate string data type; instead, strings are implemented as arrays of characters. This null terminator indicates the end of the string, allowing functions to determine its length. Strings are widely used for storing and manipulating text, such as names, messages, or input data.

Declaration and Initialization of Strings

A string is declared as a

 

Q5. Explain the concept of recursion in C programming. What are the necessary conditions for a function to be recursive? Provide an example of a recursive function in C that calculates the factorial of a number. 2+3+5            

Ans 5.

Concept of Recursion in C and Example of Factorial Program

Recursion

Recursion in C programming refers to the process where a function calls itself either directly or indirectly to solve a smaller instance of a problem. Instead of using loops, recursion allows a task to be divided into subproblems until a base condition is reached. It is widely used in solving mathematical problems like factorials, Fibonacci series, and searching or sorting algorithms.

Working Principle

When a recursive function is invoked, the system stores the current state, including local variables and return addresses, in the function call stack. Each recursive call works on a smaller subtask, and once the base condition is met, control returns back through the stack, unwinding each pending call. This process continues until the main function regains control after all recursive invocations are complete.

Necessary Conditions for Recursion

A function can be recursive only if it satisfies two essential conditions:

1. Base Case (Termination Condition): The function must include a condition that stops further

 

 

Q6. Explain the different types of loops in C. Provide examples.  5+5   

Ans 6.

Different Types of Loops in C Programming

A loop in C is a control structure that allows a set of instructions to be executed repeatedly based on a given condition. Loops reduce redundancy by eliminating the need to write repetitive code manually. They are especially useful when performing iterative tasks such as traversing arrays, computing series, or processing data until a specific condition is met. C supports three fundamental types of loops — for, while, and do-while — each with a distinct execution flow and use case.

1. The While Loop