| SESSION | MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | B.com |
| SEMESTER | II |
| course CODE & NAME | DCM1202 – MARKETING MANAGEMENT |
| CREDITS | 4 |
Set – 1st
Questions
- Define marketing. Discuss the importance of marketing.
Ans:
The word ‘Market’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Marcatus’ meaning merchandise, wares, traffic, trade or place where business is conducted. The common usage of the market means a place where goods are bought and sold. In its strict meaning, the market need not necessarily mean a place of exchange. Historically, markets were physical meeting places where buyers and sellers gathered together to trade. Although physical markets are still vital, virtual marketplaces supported by IT networks such as the internet have become the largest and most liquid.
Marketing is a very
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2 To the Individual Business Units Business units are benefited from the marketing in the following ways:
1) Marketing generates revenue for firms. A firm fulfils its motive only through marketing. Development of market is possible- from local to a world market. When markets are widened, sales increase, and thus profit to the firm increases.
2) Marketing department of a firm is the source of information to the top management for making overall decisions on production. The information is the basis on which decisions will be made by the management.
3) Marketing and innovations are the two basic functions of all businesses. In a dynamic world,
- Discuss in brief the 4 Ps of marketing with suitable example.
Ans: These ingredients were later refined by E. Jerome McCarthy, who categorised them into the universally recognized 4 Ps of marketing – Product, Price, Place and Promotion.
Product
Product refers to the physical entity offered by the company to its customers, which is a combination of tangible and intangible qualities. Product normally refers to the goods or services offered by a company which satisfies the needs or wants of a customer. In broad terms, product can include physical objects, services, ideas or a set of any of these items.
The product should have important attributes such as a set of distinguishing features, associated attributes, bundle of
Set – 2nd
Questions
- Define branding. Discuss the merits and demerits of branding.
Ans: Branding is the practice of giving a specified name to a product or group of products of one seller. It is the process involved in creating a unique name and image for a product in the consumers’ mind, mainly through advertising campaigns with a consistent theme. Branding aims to establish a significant and differentiated presence in the market that attracts and retains loyal customers. In other words, naming a product, like naming a baby, is known as branding. Parents have children and manufacturers to have children; i.e., products.
As parents, the manufacturers also are eager to know the character and capacity of their products on their birth, but not on
- Define advertising (with suitable example). Also discuss the types of advertising.
Ans:
Advertising is the dissemination of information about a product, or service oridea sponsored by a person at his expense to create a demand for his product or service. Advertising consists of all the activities in presenting to a group a non-personal, oral or visual, openly sponsored message regarding a product, service or idea.
American Marketing Association defines advertising as “any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor”. So, from the above definition we learned
- Write a detailed note on – determinants of consumer behaviour.
Ans: Consumer behaviour refers to the decision-making processes and actions of consumers when they purchase goods and services. Understanding the determinants of consumer behaviour is essential for businesses to tailor their marketing strategies and meet consumer needs effectively.
The main
| SESSION | March 2024 |
| PROGRAM | Master of CoMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) |
| SEMESTER | IV |
| course CODE & NAME | DCA8242 – CLOUD DB SYSTEMS |
| CREDITS | 4 |
Set-Ist
- a. Define Grid Computing. Explain how it works.
Ans: Grid Computing
Grid computing is the process of collecting or gathering resources from boundaries. Multiple computers in the network are engaged in solving a problem at a similar point in time, in a larger size. Generally, such computing power is required for technicality or scientific problems that require more processing cycles and enormous data access.
Distributed computing can be
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- Elaborate the ACID Properties of Relational Database Transaction.
Ans: The ACID properties are a set of four essential characteristics that ensure the reliability and integrity of transactions in a relational database system. These properties are vital for maintaining data consistency and correctness, even in the presence of system failures or concurrent access by
- a. Explain Full Replication and Partial Replication w.r.t distributed systems.
Ans:
Replication is making a copy of the relation. When a relation N is modified or replicated, a copy of relation N is stored in other sites. The copies may be kept at only a few selected sites, or each site may keep a copy. In case each site of the system has a copy of the relation, it is known as full replication.
Replication comes in helpful when you want to improve the accessibility of data. The most severe case would be to
- a. Write a short note on Service Oriented Architecture
Ans: SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) cloud computing is cost-effective in some instances; it is not in many situations. The cost-effectiveness of cloud computing depends on the enterprise and domain. For example, a shared disk in storage as a service solution would be of high value for a virtual business
- Write a short note on the Network File system
Ans: NFS is a remote access DFS introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1985. The currently used version is version 4. NFS integrates well into the Unix model of mount points but does not implement Unix semantics. NFS servers were stateless (i.e., NFS does not provide open and close operations)
Set-IInd
- a. Explain the Set of Operations on WSDL with suitable code examples.
Ans: WSDL (Web Services Description Language) defines a set of operations that can be performed on a web service. These operations represent the methods or functions exposed by the service, allowing clients to interact with it.
The main operations defined in WSDL are:
Input Message: Specifies the data that needs to be provided by the client when invoking the operation.
Output Message: Specifies the data returned by the service as a result of invoking the operation.
- Identify the Types of Cloud Security Controls.
Ans: Here are the main types of cloud security controls:
Preventive Controls:
Access Control: Enforces authentication and authorization mechanisms to control user access to cloud resources and services.
Firewalls: Implement network-based firewalls to filter and monitor incoming and outgoing traffic to and from cloud environments.
- a. Define a web browser. Explain about anyone in detail.
Ans: Before diving into the information retrieval methodology, let us understand the basics of web search. We are aware of the Web and the Internet. We are also mindful that we use web browsers to search for information in various media formats and retrieve the same. To search for anything on the Internet, the basic needs are:
- Mobile/tablet/computer/laptop.
- A web browser
- Evaluate the features of Nirvanix.
Ans: Following are some of the key features of the Nirvanix cloud storage network:
- It is possible to monitor round the clock, and all the processes can be intimated to the IT support staff through e-mail and SMS alerts.
- Automatic monitoring helps to detect any intrusion immediately.
- SSL in cloud
6.a. Represent any two Methods of Secure Data Transmission.
Ans: Two common methods for secure data transmission are using Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
- Transport Layer Security (TLS): TLS is a cryptographic protocol that ensures secure communication over a network, such as the internet. It operates at the transport layer of the OSI model and provides encryption, authentication,
- Compare and contrast Private cloud vs. public cloud.
Ans: Private and public clouds are two different deployment models for cloud computing, each offering distinct advantages and considerations.
Here’s a comparison between private and public clouds:
Private Cloud: Ownership and Control: Private Cloud: Owned and operated by a single organization, providing complete control
| SESSION | MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | 3 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2104 – BASIC OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS |
Set – I
- Describe various trends in data communications and network technology. Explain Communication model in brief. 5+5
Ans 1.
Trends in Data Communications and Network Technology
The field of data communications and network technology is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in technology, increasing demands for higher performance, and the need for improved security. Here are some key trends shaping the landscape:
- Increased Bandwidth and Speed
As the demand for high-speed internet and data transfer grows, so does the need for increased bandwidth. Technologies such as 5G are paving the way for faster and more reliable wireless communication. Additionally, fiber optic cables are being widely adopted to provide high-speed internet access with Its Half solved only
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- List some difference baseband and broadband transmission with some examples?
Ans 2.
Differences Between Baseband and Broadband Transmission
Baseband and broadband are two fundamental methods of data transmission used in networking. Each has distinct characteristics and applications. Here’s a detailed comparison of their differences, including examples.
- Definition and Basic Concept
Baseband Transmission:
- Baseband transmission uses a single channel to send data over a network. It transmits signals in their
- Differentiate between guided and unguided transmission and with some examples? 2+8
Ans 3.
Differentiating Between Guided and Unguided Transmission
In data communication, transmission media can be broadly classified into two categories: guided and unguided transmission. Here’s a detailed comparison, including examples:
Guided Transmission
Definition: Guided transmission involves the use of physical media to guide the signal along a specific path from the sender to the receiver. It is also known as wired transmission.
Characteristics:
Set – II
- Explain the process in Data exchanges in transmission line and explain different types of classifications? 5+5
Ans 4.
Data Exchanges in Transmission Lines
Data exchange over transmission lines involves the process of sending and receiving data between devices through a communication medium. This process is fundamental in networking and telecommunications. Here’s an explanation of the process and the different classifications of data exchanges:
Process of Data Exchanges in
- Write short on synchronous and asynchronous transmission. 10
Ans 5.
Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission
In the realm of data communication, synchronous and asynchronous transmission are two fundamental methods used to control the timing of data exchange between devices. Each method has its own set of characteristics, advantages, and use cases.
Synchronous Transmission involves the continuous transmission of data blocks, synchronized by a clock signal shared between the sender and receiver. In this method, data is sent in a steady, predictable stream, and both the sending and receiving devices are precisely synchronized by the
.
- Differentiate between frequency hopping spread spectrum and direct sequence spread spectrum 10
Ans 6.
Differentiating Between Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) are two techniques used in wireless communication to enhance the robustness, security, and efficiency of data transmission. Both are forms of spread spectrum technology, which spreads the signal over a wider bandwidth than necessary. Here’s a detailed comparison between FHSS and DSSS
| SESSION | MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION(BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2103 – COMPUTER ORGANIZATION |
Set-I
- Explain von Neumann Architecture in detail. 10
Ans 1.
Von Neumann Architecture
The von Neumann architecture, also known as the von Neumann model or the Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on a 1945 description by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann. This architecture forms the basis of most computer systems in use today. Here, we will delve into its details, exploring its key components, principles, and significance in the realm of computer science.
Key Components
- Central Processing Unit (CPU):
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): This part of the CPU performs all arithmetic and logical operations, such as
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- Explain in detail the different instruction formats with examples. 10
Ans 2.
Instruction Formats in Computer Organization
Instruction formats define how machine language instructions are structured, allowing the CPU to interpret and execute them. These formats typically consist of an operation code (opcode) and one or more operands. The structure of these instructions can vary depending on the architecture, affecting how instructions are encoded and decoded. Here, we will explore several common instruction formats with examples to illustrate their functionality.
Single-Address Instruction Format
In this format, the instruction includes one address field, along with the opcode. This address can refer to a memory location or a
- Discuss the organization of main memory. 10
Ans 3.
Organization of Main Memory
Main memory, also known as primary or RAM (Random Access Memory), is a crucial component of a computer system where data and instructions are stored for immediate processing by the CPU. The organization of main memory plays a significant role in the overall performance and functionality of a computer. Here, we will discuss the key aspects of main memory organization.
Memory Cells and
Set-II
- List and explain the mapping functions. 10
Ans 4.
Mapping functions play a crucial role in computer science and are used in various contexts, including memory management, data structures, and network communication. These functions are used to relate one set of items to another, often in a way that preserves some underlying structure or relationship. Here, we will discuss some common mapping functions and their applications.
- Identity Mapping
The identity mapping function
- What is an interrupt? Discuss the hardware actions in interrupt handling. 2+8
Ans 5.
Interrupt: An Overview
An interrupt is a signal sent from a hardware or software component to the processor, indicating that an event requiring immediate attention has occurred. Interrupts are used to handle events that are asynchronous to the
- Explain the characteristics of RISC and CISC architectures. 10
Ans 6.
Characteristics of RISC and CISC Architectures
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) are two contrasting CPU design philosophies that have influenced the development of computer architectures. Each approach has its own set of characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages, which are important to understand in the context of computer architecture.
- Instruction Set
| SESSION | MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OFCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2102 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM |
Set-I
- A. Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of the DBMS.
- Differentiate between physical data independence and logical data independence
Ans 1.
Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS:
A database management system (DBMS) offers several advantages, but it also has its drawbacks.
Advantages:
- Data Sharing: DBMS allows multiple users and applications to access the same data simultaneously, enabling data sharing and collaboration.
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- Explain the concept of transactions in a database management system (DBMS). Discuss the properties of transactions and their importance in ensuring data consistency and integrity. Provide examples to illustrate each property.
Ans 2.
Concept of Transactions in a Database Management System (DBMS):
In a database management system (DBMS), a transaction is a unit of work performed against a database that follows the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability). Transactions ensure data integrity and consistency by allowing multiple operations to be treated as a single logical unit. If all operations within a transaction are completed successfully, the transaction is committed, making the changes permanent in the database. If any operation fails, the transaction is rolled back, and the
- Explain the concept of a foreign key in the context of relational databases. Discuss its role in maintaining referential integrity and preventing data inconsistencies. Provide examples to illustrate its usage.
Ans:
Concept of Foreign Key in Relational Databases:
In the context of relational databases, a foreign key is a column or a set of columns in a table that references the primary key or a unique key in another table. It establishes a relationship between two tables by enforcing referential integrity, which ensures that the values in the foreign key column(s) of one table correspond to the values in the primary key or unique key column(s) of another table.
Role in Maintaining Referential
Set-II
- Explain the concept of functional dependencies in the context of normalization. How do functional dependencies influence the normalization process? Provide examples. 10
Ans 4.
Concept of Functional Dependencies in Normalization:
Functional dependencies (FDs) are a fundamental concept in the theory of database normalization. They describe the relationship between attributes in a relation (table) by specifying how the values of one set of attributes determine the values of another set of attributes. In simpler terms, a functional dependency describes a relationship where knowing the value of one attribute uniquely determines the value of another attribute(s).
How Functional Dependencies
- What are the fundamentals of relational algebra and its role in database management systems (DBMS). Discuss the basic operations of relational algebra and their significance in query processing and data manipulation. Provide examples to illustrate each operation. 10
Ans 5.
Fundamentals of Relational Algebra:
Relational algebra is a mathematical query language used to manipulate relational databases. It provides a set of operations that can be performed on relations (tables) to retrieve, filter, and combine data. Relational algebra forms the basis for the query language SQL (Structured Query Language) used in relational database management systems (DBMS).
Role in Database Management Systems (DBMS):
Relational algebra plays a critical role in DBMS by providing a formal foundation for query languages and query optimization. It allows users to specify complex operations on the database without needing to know the
- Explain the concept of object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS). Discuss how OODBMS differs from traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS). Illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of using OODBMS over RDBMS with examples.
Ans 6.
Concept of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMS):
Object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS) are database management systems that support the modeling and creation of data as objects. In an OODBMS, data is represented as objects, similar to how objects are represented in object-oriented programming languages like Java or C++. These objects can encapsulate both data (attributes) and behavior (methods), making them more versatile than traditional relational database systems.
Differences Between
| SESSION | april 2024 |
| PROGRAM | Bachelorof CoMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| course CODE & NAME | DCA2101 – Computer Oriented Numerical Methods |
SET-I
- Show that
(a) δμ= 1/2(∆+∇)
(b) ∆-∇=∆∇
Ans 1.
- a) To show that δμ=1/2(∆+∇), we can start with the definition of the Laplacian (δ) and the gradient (∇):
δf = ∇²f = ∇•∇f
Now, let’s consider the Laplacian of a function μ:
δμ = ∇²μ = ∇•∇μ
Next, we can use the identity that relates the Laplacian and the gradient:
∇•(∇μ) = ∇²μ Its Half solved only
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- Find Lagrange’s interpolation polynomial fitting the pointsy(1) = -3,y(3)= 0,y(4)= 30, y(6) = 132 Hence find y(5).
Ans 2.
Step 1: Find the Lagrange basis polynomials
For each point, we need to create a Lagrange basis polynomial that has a value of 1 at that point and a value of 0 at all other points. We’ll use these polynomials to build the final interpolation polynomial.
For example, for the point (1, -3), the Lagrange basis polynomial is:
L1(x) = (x – 3)(x – 4)(x – 6) / ((1 – 3)(1 – 4)(1 – 6))
Simplifying this expression, we get:
L1(x) = (x – 3)(x – 4)(x
- Evaluate , given the following table of values:
| 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | |
| 46 | 66 | 81 | 93 | 101 |
Ans 3.
To evaluate f(15) given the table of values, we need to interpolate the value of y corresponding to x = 15.
Looking at the table, we can observe that the values of x are evenly spaced by 10 units. To interpolate, we can use linear interpolation.
First, let’s find the interval in which 15 lies:
– x = 10 corresponds to y = 46
– x = 20
SET-II
- Find the equation of the best fitting straight line for the data:
| X | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 14 |
| Y | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Ans 4.
Linear Regression is a method to model the relationship between two continuous variables, X and Y. In this case, we have a set of data points (X, Y) and we want to find the best straight line that fits these data points.
To find the
- Calculate the intercept (b): Finally, calculate the intercept (b) using the formula:
b = μY – m * μX
Substituting the values, we get:
b = 5 – m * 7
= 5 – approximately m * 7
= approximately b ≈ 5 – approximately m * 7
= approximately b ≈ 5 – approximately (32.00 * 7)
= approximately b ≈ -15
- For what value of λ & μ the following system of equations:
x + y + z = 6
x +2y+3z =10
x+2y +λz =μ may have
(i) Unique solution
(ii) Infinite number of solutions
(iii) No solution
Ans 5.
To determine the values of λ and μ that result in each type of solution, we can use the properties of systems of equations.
(i) For a unique solution:
- The rank of the coefficient matrix should be equal to the rank of the augmented matrix.
- The
- Find the solution for x=0.2 taking interval length 0.1 using Euler’s method to solve: dy/dx=1-y given y(0)=0.
Ans 6.
Step 1: Understand the problem
We have the differential equation:
dy/dx = 1 – y
with the initial condition:
y(0) = 0
| SESSION | February/MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | bachelor OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (bCA) |
| SEMESTER | 2 |
| course CODE & NAME | DCA1205 |
| CREDITS | 4 |
Set-Ist
- Explain the various Boolean laws with logic diagrams.
Ans:
Boolean algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with binary variables and logical operations. The basic laws of Boolean algebra are essential for simplifying and analyzing digital circuits. Below are the key Boolean laws along with their explanations and logic diagrams.
- **Identity Law**
– **AND Identity Its Half solved only
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- Define the term logic gates. Explain the various basic gates with their symbols and truth table.
Ans:
Logic Gates:-
Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of digital circuits. They perform basic logical functions and are used to implement digital logic operations in computers, processors, and other digital systems. Each gate takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output.
Basic Logic Gates
- **AND Gate**
– **Symbol:**
- Explain the method of Karnaugh map simplification with don’t care condition. Give example.
Ans:
Karnaugh maps (K-maps) are a graphical tool used to simplify Boolean expressions and minimize the number of logic gates needed in a digital circuit.
When simplifying expressions using K-maps, “don’t care” conditions (denoted as X) are used to further reduce the complexity of the expression. These don’t care conditions represent input combinations that do not affect the output and can be treated as either 0 or 1, depending on which
Set-IInd
- Explain the working of JK flip flop?
Ans: A JK flip-flop is a type of bistable multivibrator, an essential component in digital electronics used for storing binary data. It is an enhancement of the SR flip-flop (Set-Reset flip-flop) that eliminates the “invalid” state by ensuring that inputs J and K can never both be high simultaneously when the clock is triggered.
JK Flip-Flop Overview Inputs: J (Set input) K (Reset input) CLK (Clock input) Sometimes a Preset (PRE) and Clear (CLR) inputs for setting or resetting the flip-flop asynchronously.
- Explain the shift register in detail.
Ans:
A shift register is a type of digital memory circuit used in computers and other devices to store and shift data. It consists of a series of flip-flops, each capable of storing one bit of data, and is used for data storage, data transfer, and data manipulation.
Types of Shift
- Discuss about the Master slave flip flop
Ans: A master-slave flip-flop is a type of sequential logic circuit constructed from two separate flip-flops, referred to as the master flip-flop and the slave flip-flop. It is designed to address the problem of race conditions that can occur in certain types of flip-flops, particularly in edge-triggered designs.
Working Principle The master-slave flip-flop operates in two phases: the master phase and the slave pha
| SESSION | February/MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | Bachelor of CoMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| course CODE & NAME | DCA_1204 COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT |
| CREDITS | 4 |
Set- Ist
- Elaborate the types of Communication in detail
Ans:
1 Verbal communication
When an infant cries, the mother rushes to her side, to see if the baby is hurt or has soiled herself. If it is mealtime, when the baby cried, the mother feeds the baby. The cry of the baby communicated the need of the baby to her mother. Although crying is not speaking, the mother was able to understand the baby’s need. This shows that speaking alone is not communication. We already know that we can use writing to communicate. Communication through speech is called Oral communication. Communication by means of written material is called written
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- Explain SQ3R method used in reading skills.
Ans: SQ3R Technique of Reading This technique of reading is evolved by Robinson in his book “Effective Study” (1970). SQ3R stands for the initial letters of the five steps in studying a text. Survey S Question Q Read R Recall R Review R
Let us briefly go through these steps in the given order:
- Survey: Survey refers to a quick glance through the title page, preface, chapter headings of a text. By
- Discuss the different Types of Business Letter in detail.
Ans: Different Types of Business Letter:-
Complaint letter: Writing a ‘complaint letter’ is often an undesirable task, but if it is done well, the end result can be very rewarding.
Complaint letters can be used for the purpose of having products replaced or money refunded, for changing
Set- 2ND
- What do you understand by the term” Personality”. Explain in detail its various categories.
Ans: Personality is an individual difference that lends consistency to a person’s behaviour. Personality is defined as a relatively stable set of characteristics that influence an individual’s behaviour. For our purposes, you should think of personality as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Categories of Personality
- Explain the various theories of Time Management.
Ans: Time management is a set of skills, tools, and systems that help you use your time to accomplish what you want in an efficient way. Time is often equated with money, and just as we often find ourselves short of cash, we also find ourselves with short of time.
The various applications of Time Management cover almost all areas of our life, some examples are:
- Discuss the different kinds of leaders found in the workplace. Throw some light on application of Johari Window for understanding self.
Ans:
Types of Leaders in the Workplace:-
Different types of leaders can be found in the workplace, each with distinct characteristics and approaches to leadership.
Here are some
| SESSION | MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BCA |
| SEMESTER | II |
| course CODE & NAME | DCA1203-Object Oriented Programming – C++ |
| CREDITS | 4 |
Set-Ist
- Describe the various data types available in C++?
Ans:
Data types
A data type in a programming language is a set of data with values having predefined characteristics. Like C language, C++ also supports different data types. C++ language supports the following data types: char, int, float, double. The basic data types have various modifiers preceding them.
The list of modifiers is: signed, unsigned, long and short.
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- What is the difference between the do-while and the while statements?
Ans: The primary difference between do-while and while statements in programming lies in when the condition is evaluated and how many times the loop’s body is guaranteed to execute.
Here are the key differences and some example code snippets to illustrate:
While Statement Condition Evaluation: The condition is evaluated before the loop body is executed.
Execution
- Brief about class and objects.
Ans: Classes and Objects in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Class
A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines a set of attributes and methods that the created objects will have. A class encapsulates data for the object and methods to manipulate that data. Essentially, it represents a real-world entity or concept.
Key Characteristics of a Class:
Attributes (Fields): Variables that hold the data or properties of an object.
Set-IInd
- Define exception. Explain exception handling mechanism.
Ans:
Exception Handling Mechanism
The exception handling mechanism in C++ is built upon the three keywords named as try, throw and catch. The block of statements which generates exceptions are prefaced by the “try” keyword. These blocks of statements are called “try block”. When, an exception is detected, it is thrown using a throw statement in the try block. A “catch block” defined by the keyword “catch” catches the exception thrown by the throw statement in the try block, and handles it
throwing exception
- List and explain the STL components.
Ans:
STL Components
There are many components present in STL. But there are three major components in STL namely:
- Containers
- Algorithms
- Explain the types of methods to open a file.
Ans:
Opening a file For opening a file you have to create a file stream and link it to a filename. You can define a filename using if stream, of stream and fstream classes. These classes are contained in the header file fstream. Selection of classes which you are going to use depends on the purpose, i.e., whether you want to write data to the files or to read data from the files. There are two ways
| SESSION | MARCH 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR of CoMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| course CODE & NAME | DCA1202 – Data Structure and Algorithm |
| CREDITS | 4 |
Set-IST
- What are the characteristics and Building Blocks of an Algorithm? And what are Control Mechanism and Control structures?
Ans:
Characteristics of an Algorithm
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem.
The key characteristics of an algorithm include:
Finiteness: An algorithm must always terminate after a finite number of steps. This ensures that the algorithm will
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- A. What are Binary trees? How many types of Binary trees are there, discuss?
Ans:
Definition: A binary tree is a special case of tree where no node of a tree can have a degree of more than two. Therefore, a binary tree is a set of zero or more nodes T such that:
- i) There is a specially designated node called the root of the tree
- ii) The remaining nodes are partitioned into two disjointed sets, T1 and T2, each of which is a binary tree. T1
- Discuss the linked storage representation of binary tree.
Ans: Linked storage representation of binary tree The most popular way to present a binary tree is Linked storage representation. Binary tree consists of nodes which can have at most two child, linked representation of such tree will be stored in the form shown Fig, where LPTR and RPTR denote the address
- Explain the algorithms of Bubble sort and Merge sort.
Ans:
Bubble sort Bubble sort is a straightforward and simplistic method of sorting data that is used very commonly. The algorithm starts at the beginning of the data set. It compares the first two elements, and if the first is greater than the second, then it swaps them. It continues doing this for each
Set-IIND
- A. What is dynamic memory storage and how is link list stored in memory? Write the algorithm for traversal of a singly link list.
Ans: Dynamic representation
The efficient way of representing a linked list is using the free pool of storage. In this method, there is a memory bank (which is nothing but a collection of free memory spaces) and a memory
- What are the different types of link list? Write an algorithm to create circular list.
Ans:
Types of Linked Lists:-
- Write the Algorithm to find the maximum and minimum items in a set of n element. Also explain the working of the algorithm.
- Ans: Write down an array of one element. Figure out how you would find the maximum and minimum of that array.
- Write down an array of two elements. Use the algorithm you created to solve step (1) to find the minimum and maximum of the sub-array consisting of the first element. See how the second element changes your answer.
- Write down an
- A. What is Stack? Discuss the Array implementation of a stack along with push () and pop () algorithms.
Ans:
Stack
A stack is a data structures in which insertion and deletion of items are made at the one end, called the top of the stack.
We have two basic operations in stack they are push and pop.
Push Operation: Push is used to insert an item into a stack.
Pop Operation:
- What is Queue? Discuss the Array implementation of a queue along with enqueue () and Dequeue () algorithms.
Ans:
Queue
A queue is a linear list of elements in which deletions can take place only at one end, called the front and insertions can take place only at the other end, called the rear as referred in the figure. The terms “front” and “rear” are used in describing a linear list only when it is implemented as a q
| SESSION | March 2024 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR of COMPUTER APPLICATION (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | II |
| course CODE & NAME | DCA1201 – OPERATING SYSTEM |
| CREDITS | 4 |
Assignment Set – 1st
Questions
- Explain the evolution of operating systems. Write a brief note on operating system structures
Ans:
Evolution of Operating Systems:-
1 Simple Batch Operating Systems
In the earliest days digital computers usually run from a console. I/O devices consisted of card readers, tape drives and line printers. Direct user interaction with the system did not exist. Users made a job consisting of programs, data and control information. The job was submitted to an operator who would execute the job on the
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- What is Scheduling? Discuss the CPU scheduling algorithms.
Ans: The main objective of multiprogramming is to see that some process is always running so as to maximize CPU utilization whereas in the case of time sharing, the CPU is to be switched between processes frequently, so that users interact with the system while their programs are executing. In a uniprocessor system, there is always a single process running while the other processes need to wait till they get the CPU for execution on being scheduled.
Evaluation of CPU Scheduling Algorithms
We have many scheduling
- Discuss Inter process Communication and critical-section problem along with use of semaphores.
Ans: Inter process Communication (IPC)
Inter process Communication (IPC) is a mechanism that allows processes to communicate with each other and synchronize their actions. Various IPC techniques exist, each suitable for different types of tasks and requirements.
Some common IPC methods include:
Pipes: A pipe is a
Assignment Set – 2nd
Questions
- A. What is a Process Control Block? What information does it hold and why?
Ans: Process Control Block Every process has a number and a process control block (PCB) represents a process in an operating system. The PCB serves as a repository of information about a process and varies from process to process. The PCB contains information that makes the process an active entity. A PCB is shown in Figure 1.
It contains many pieces of
- a. Discuss the different File Access Methods.
Ans:
File Access Methods Information is stored in files. Files reside on secondary storage. When this information is to be used, it has to be accessed and brought into primary main memory. Information in files could be accessed in many ways. It is usually dependent on an application.
Access methods could be:-
- Explain the different Multiprocessor Interconnections and types of Multiprocessor Operating Systems.
Ans: Multiprocessor Interconnections The nature of multiprocessor interconnections has an effect on the bandwidth for communication. Complexity, cost, IPC and scalability are some features considered in interconnections.
Basic architectures for multiprocessor interconnections are as follows:
- Bus-oriented systems
- Crossbar-