BCA DCA2105 COMPUTER ORGANISATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Description

 

SESSION	january/february 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF CoMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	III
course CODE & NAME	DCA2105 Computer Organisation and Architecture

 

 

Set – I

 

Q1. Define the three primary aspects of computer architecture (System Design, ISA, and Microarchitecture). Furthermore, explain the specific roles of high-speed registers such as the Program Counter (PC), Instruction Register (IR), and Memory Address Register (MAR) in the internal coordination of the CPU

Ans 1.

Part A: Three Primary Aspects of Computer Architecture

Computer architecture is the system of rules and procedures which define the functions organization, structure, and application of computers. It is extensively studied in three main areas.

System Design is the study of the physical elements of a computer system, and the way they connect. This includes the creation of processors and memory units, the input and output bus systems, as well as the data pathways that connect them. The design of the system determines the way that hardware resources are

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Q2. Define micro-operations and demonstrate how RTL is used to represent data transfers and arithmetic operations. Discuss how logic micro-operations like selective-set, selective-clear, and masking are used for bit-level manipulation within registers

Ans 2.

Part A: Micro-Operations and RTL Representation

Micro-operations are the basic operations that are performed by the hardware of a computer in a single clock pulse. They work on the data that is stored in registers. The most common types are register transfer and logic, as well as arithmetic as well as shift micro-operations. Every micro-operation is an easy operation

 

Q3. Describe the components of a standard instruction code, including the opcode, address field, and mode field. Explain the stages of the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle and discuss how this process can be modeled as a Finite-State Machine (FSM)

Ans 3.

Part A: Components of a Standard Instruction Code

Machine language instructions are an binary code that informs the CPU which operation it should execute and the location to locate the information. The standard instruction code consists of three main elements: the opcode the address field and the field for mode.

Its Opcode (Operation code) is

 

Set – II

 

 

Q4. Discuss the differences between hardwired and microprogrammed control units in terms of flexibility, speed, and hardware complexity. Explain the concept of a “Control Word” and differentiate between horizontal and vertical microinstruction formats in control memory

Ans 4.

Part A: Hardwired vs. Microprogrammed Control Units

The control unit in the CPU produces timing and control signals to guide every operation in the processor. There are two primary methods to implement a control unit: microprogrammed or hardwired.

The Hardwired Control Unit

 

Q5. Explain the principles of pipelining and analyze potential hazards (Structural, Data, and Control) that can impede instruction throughput. Compare the Superscalar and VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) models regarding their approach to instruction-level parallelism and scheduling

Ans 5.

Part A: Pipelining and Hazards

Pipelining is a method that lets multiple instructions be handled simultaneously, by splitting the execution into steps. Each stage is responsible for a specific part of an instructions’ execution. As one instruction is performed, another is decoded and the next one is fetched. The overlap can increase instruction speed

 

Q6. Discuss the principle of the Memory Hierarchy and evaluate the significance of different cache mapping techniques (Direct, Associative, and Set-Associative). Contrast the functioning of Direct Memory Access (DMA) with that of an Input-Output Processor (IOP) in managing complex, high-speed data transfers.

Ans 6.

Part A: Memory Hierarchy and Cache Mapping Techniques

The Memory Hierarchy is an organized arrangement of various types of memory within the computer system. It is arranged according to speed, cost and capacity. On top of the hierarchy are registers that are the quickest and most compact. They are below them cache memories (L1 L1, L2, and L3) and then primary memory (RAM) followed by additional storage like hard drives as well as SSDs. It is