BCA DCA2107 DATA COMMUNICATION & PROTOCOLS

Description

SESSION	MARCH – 2026
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	3
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA 2107   DATA COMMUNICATION & PROTOCOLS

 

 

 

Set – I

 

Q1. Discuss the five essential components of a data communication system and differentiate between Analog and Digital signals. Explain how transmission impairments like attenuation, noise, and distortion affect signal quality and limit reliable data rates as defined by Shannon’s Capacity Formula

Ans 1.

Part A: Five Essential Components of a Data Communication System

A data communication system transfers data between two or more devices. It is composed of five vital elements.  The Message refers to the information to be sent, which may be text, numbers, images or even audio. The device that sends the message, for instance an iPhone or a laptop. The Receiver is the gadget that accepts the message at the other side. The Transmission Medium refers to the physical pathway via which the message is transmitted, including cables or fibre optic lines also known as wireless channels. The

 

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Q2. Compare guided media (Twisted pair, Coaxial, and Fibre optic) with unguided media (Radio, Microwave, and Infrared) in terms of bandwidth and security. Explain the requirements for Line-of-Sight (LOS) transmission and the importance of Fresnel zone clearance in preventing signal degradation

Ans 2.

Part A: Guided vs. Unguided Media

Guided media are physical cables which guide signals along the same path. Twisted pair cable is made up of pairs of copper wires twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interference. It’s affordable and widely used in telephone and LAN connections but has limited bandwidth and is vulnerable to eavesdropping. Coaxial cables have a central copper conductor that is surrounded by the shield of insulation, and also a metallic one providing higher bandwidth as well as greater noise resistance than the other twisted pairs, and is ideal for broadband cable and cable television. The fiber optic cable sends information

 

 

 

Q3. Discuss the role of line coding schemes, such as Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding, in maintaining clock synchronisation. Explain how scrambling techniques prevent long sequences of identical bits and maintain a DC-balanced signal without increasing bit rate overhead.

Ans 3.

Part A: Manchester and Differential Manchester Encoding

Line coding is the process of converting digital data bits into a sequence of electrical signals for transmission. One of the biggest challenges with digital communication is clock synchronisation. The receiver needs to know precisely when each bit starts and ends. If long strings of identical bits are sent with no synchronization within the signals, which makes it impossible for the receiver to retrieve the clock’s timing. Line-

 

 

Set – II

 

Q4. Detail the process of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), including sampling, quantisation, and encoding. Contrast this with Delta Modulation (DM) regarding bandwidth efficiency. Explain how digital data is modulated into analog waveforms using Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Shift Keying (ASK, FSK, PSK)

Ans 4.

Part A: Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the most common method of digitising audio analog signals. It involves three steps.

This is the very first step. As per the Nyquist theorem, an analog signal must be sampled at a rate equal to or greater than twice its highest frequency to be accurately recreated. For example, voice signals with a maximum of 4000 Hz must be sampled at minimum 8000 times per second.

Quantisation assigns each sample an individual numerical value in a fixed set of levels. The amount of

 

Q5. Compare error detection methods such as parity checks, checksums, and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), highlighting the role of redundancy. Discuss the purpose of flow control and describe how the High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol uses framing and Frame Check Sequences (FCS) to ensure reliable delivery

Ans 5.

Part A: Error Detection Methods

Error detection is based on including redundant bits in the transmitting data in order that the receiver can identify any errors that may have occurred in the transmission.

Parity Check adds one extra bit to a data unit. In a case of even parity it is the case that the total of bits 1 including the parity bit will be equal. When odd parity occurs, the number of bits is made

 

Q6. Compare Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Explain the layered architecture of the TCP/IP model and discuss how it supports end-to-end communication while maintaining security through firewalls and encryption.

Ans 6.

Part A: FDM, TDM, and CDMA

Multiplexing allows several signals to utilize a single transmission medium concurrently.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) divides all the bandwidth on the medium into different frequencies that are not overlapping. Each user is assigned one specific frequency band that is used for continuous transmission. FDM is utilized in broadcasting radio as well as cable television. Its advantage is its simplicity but